English Orthography Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Orthography - Scholarship Essay Example Define the term regular polysemy and demonstrate whether or not the relation between the senses of the bold words in (a) and (b) is a regular relation. Be sure to describe the senses of (a) and (b) first, before going on to explore the polysemy of semantically similar words. If you find that it is not a completely regular relation, discuss any reasons you can see for the limits on the pattern. Before we explore the relation between the senses of the bold words in (a) and (b) and whether it is a regular relation or not, let us throw some light upon three ubiquitous terms in semantics. These terms are polysemy, regular, and regular polysemy. First, Crystal (1988, p.236) defines polysemy as 'a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings'. The definition sounds clear and concise. According to this definition, any lexical item (word) which has more than one meaning is polysemous and thus falls under the umbrella of polysemy. Regular, on the other hand, is 'predictable from non - lexical conceptual information', Murphy (2004, p.235). When we combine the two words together, we will get a semantic term that has gained much attention recently, viz. regular polysemy (also known as meaning shifts). Many definitions have been give... When we combine the two words together, we will get a semantic term that has gained much attention recently, viz. regular polysemy (also known as meaning shifts). Many definitions have been given to regular polysemy by linguists and semanticists. According to Peters (2005, p.232) ' regular polysemy is a metonymic phenomenon: a non - literal figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for that of another related to it'. Lobner (2002) refers to regular polysemy as meaning variants which are related via metaphor, metonymy or differentiation. Clearly speaking, regular polysemy denotes the process whereby a word has more than one meaning due to a general rule for making new meanings out of old ones. For example, a word which indicates a container indicates the content of the container too as illustrated below: Can as container: I have poured coke into the can. Can as content: I have drunk the whole can. Also, a disc might refer to a thin, flat, round object in general as well as a magnetic disc. A mouse is used to refer to a small furry animal with a long tail only, but it is also a device that controls the movement of the cursor on a computer screen, Lobner (2002). The relation between the senses of the bold words in (a) and (b) is a regular relation. The senses of these two words are closely related since they are all related to poultry. Turkey, in the first sentence, refers to a large, gallinaceous bird of the family Meleagrididae, especially Meleagris gallopavo of America that typically has green, reddish-brown and yellowish-brown plumage of a metallic luster and that is domesticated in most parts of the world (Dictionary.com, 2008)

Definitions of events management Essay Example for Free

Definitions of events management Essay Events management can be said to have emerged from the increasing commercialisation of popular celebrations, from big affairs such as concerts to small and private gatherings. Bowdin, et al. explained that in certain historical aspects, the increasing importance of events were noted because of the benefits they bring as enumerated through its purpose and objectives. An example noted by the authors were the emergence of the industry as encouraged by political and religious reasons; this happened in the United Kingdom where exhibitions became a popular event that it needed to be sustained. The approach to the sustainability of events, especially as this would lead to the formation of an industry, would then become integral to the management requirements of this practice. Across the world, the management of events would become a more formal approach in organizing festivals and other festivities. Bowdin, et al. therefore presented the following definition of events as follows (14): â€Å"[†¦] anything which happens; result; any incidence or occurrence esp (sic) a memorable one; contingency or possibility of occurrence; an item in a programme (of sports, etc.); A type of horseriding competition, often held over three days (three-day event) consisting of three sections ie dressage, cross country riding and show jumping; fortune or fate (obs); an organized activity at a particular venue, eg. for sales promotion or fundraising. † Based on these definitions, the events that fall under event management are applicable in all aspects. Basically, the last definitiion, â€Å"an organized activity at a particular venue, eg. for sales promotion or fundraising† (14) can be said to already encompass what an event is. However, it should be also noted that the fundamentals of events management also refers to the uniqueness of the event, hence, it is memorable. At the same time, an event may have many sub-events such as â€Å"items†. Last but not the least, as based on the cited definition, an event also includes contingency or possibility of occurrence. This therefore brings up the aspect of events management in which case it is not just about ensuring that the event takes place, but also the management formalises the event in a sense that it is defined by a specific strategy. As previously mentioned, an event in the events management context becomes a project; in this case, the aspects of project management is applied. It is initially important to define what a project is, and according to Bowdin, et al, (267), an event as a project â€Å"produces an asset [†¦] the asset is the ultimate deliverable of the project. The management is the planning, the organizing, leading, and controlling of the project†. Hence, based on these, Bowdin, et al. presented the definition of event management in the following (267): â€Å"The project management of events concentrates on the management process to create the event, not just what happens at the event [†¦] (it) is called the overlay as it integrates all the tasks of management. Event management is made up of a number of management areas including planning, leading, marketing, design, control and budgeting, risk management, logistics, staging and evaluation. Each of these areas continuously affect each other over the event life cycle†. Shone and Parry, furthermore, mentioned that in order for an event to be managed in a similar context, the event has to be â€Å"special†; based on this, the authors presented the following pointing out the definitions of events that are managed: †¢ Leisure events (leisure, sport recreation) †¢ Personal events (weddings, birthdays, anniversaries) †¢ organisational events (commercial, political, charitable, sales) †¢ cultural (ceremonial, sacred, heritage, art, folklore) The Events Management Concept and Practice Event management is therefore a discipline and a practice. There are many concepts and aspects of event management that needs to be considered especially among those who specialise in certain components of the practice. One of the common perceptions of event management is its dimension as a coordinating activities. Silvers (28) mentioned that in event coordination, the coordinators visualise, organise and synchronise the different elements of an event. In addition, in event coordination, the coordinator also identifies the purpose, scope and the program of the event by means of identifying its intent, extent, and content. Another important point raised by Silvers (28) is that, in agreement with the past discussions on the nature of event management as similar or related to project management, the author also further mentioned the processes involved both in the coordination and the management of events. These aspects, for instance, is through the discussion on the Project Scope (28-29): †¢ Identifying the needs and requirements of the event including the definition of its purpose and the expected outcomes †¢ the description of the product as spelled out by the type of event †¢ product analysis or the identification of the components of the product †¢ the feasibility of the product as based on the analysis of the resources From these, the event becomes more definite through the design of a Work Breakdown Structure and Activity Schedule (29). Another important approach in event management can be considered in the perceptions of the customers, competition and the sponsors. Silvers discussed the aspect of the consumers and the competition. According to the author, the customers make up the â€Å"marketing realm† of the event (30). Hence, it is important to identify a target segment because this helps in the design of the event, from its scope to its marketing to its implementation. Silvers also discussed the competition; for cases such as bars and clubs, any weekend night poses a great amount of competition for any establishment holding an event that night. As the author stressed, it is significant that the bar or club is aware what kind of other events that will take place in another establishment. It is therefore in the strategy of the club or bar owner, along with its hired events specialist, to determine how to best approach competition.

EVALUATING NORTH AMERICAN HEALTH SYSTEMS Essay -- essays research pape

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compensating the affairs of economic efficiency with the demands of sociopolitical rights is a constant source of tension in Canada and the United States alike. In no other element is this tension more apparent than in the group of complex markets we call the health care system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canadians have been fortunate enough to receive a universal health care system for nearly forty years. This is a single-payer system funded by the governments, both provincial and federal, but at what costs? Is health care not unlike any other commodity, or is it the privilege of every citizen? Health care has elements of common economic behavior, however, there are also certain social values associated with it. It is this struggle of defining what health care is that causes such anxiety among economists. The Canadian health care system is slowly crippling the economy, and reforms must be devised to preserve the pride of Canada; our health care system itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pluralistic health care scheme of the United States, as well, has serious socioeconomic implications, and American policy makers are looking toward the model of the Canadian system for answers. Both the United States and Canada must reform health care policy, but to what extent? Obviously these questions cannot necessarily yield clear, concise answers, however they will provide insight into analyzing the current and proposed systems of health care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certainly if Canada is to maintain a high standard of care it must adopt an economically efficient, revenue generating system. Moreover the United States must adopt the single-payer system of Canada while still retaining a strong revenue base. This paper will discuss the strengths and shortcomings of the Canadian health care system, and how health care is a sociopolitical enigma. Furthermore, how the single-payer system is the only realistic response to the growing inadequacies within the American socioeconomic status. CANADIAN HEALTH CARE STRUCTURE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serving as a general background in its appraisal, it is necessary to outline the history and the ambient factors of the Canada health care that is so sought after by the United States. The Canadian health-insurance program, called Medicare, is administered by provincial ... ... and this tension is prevalent in the health care system. A basic economic concern is whether health care is like any other commodity. The health care industry can be analyzed with economic frames of reference: wealth, risk aversion, efficient transfers, and utility. However, there are certain symbolic elements of health care that cannot be easily measured. Cultures have fundamental beliefs that encompass the valuation of life and health. Bearing this in mind, it would only seem realistic that there is some sort of right to health care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nowhere in the American Constitution is it stated that an individual has the right to some basic set of health care services, however, there are certain undefined responsibilities the government has. It can be argued that the Declaration of Independence supports the right for each and every citizen to have the basic care needed to sustain life so as to exercise one’s liberty and to allow the pursuit of happiness. It has been argued that there is a common-law right to equal services, a right of equal access to basic services: such as drinking water. Furthermore this right extends to all citizens and is beyond the reac

Leukemia Research Paper Essay

PART I: I personally know of a couple of skeletal diseases. I know of Leukemia, which is a type of cancer where white blood cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner, and the cause is unknown. I have also personally met someone with Leukemia, and it is not a slow-moving disease; he unfortunately died within a few years. I know of osteoporosis from the notes. It is a disease resulting in the loss of bone tissue. The cancellous bone loses calcium, becomes thinner, and may eventually disappear altogether. I don’t know if a fracture constitutes as a bone disease, but they can be Spiral, Closed, Open, or Multiple. One of the most well-known bone diseases is Arthritis. It is a disease of the joints; victims suffer pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joints. Many athletes will also show signs of Tendonitis, a disorder involving stiffness or pain in the muscles or joints. I want to find out more about Leukemia, the most relatable disease to me, and what symptoms the victims of it suffer. PART II: I am going to choose to research the skeletal disease of Leukemia, because it has personally affected me in my life. One of our close family friend’s children died of Leukemia when he was five. He had a very advanced form of Leukemia when he was born and it was a very sad time when he passed. I will more specifically be researching Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia, the disease he suffered from. I am looking for treatment options, symptoms, and prevention abilities. PART III: I began my search by typing â€Å"Leukemia† into Google search and got many reliable sources. I chose a source from the Mayo Clinic that clearly defined the disease and had a brief synopsis of the disease. I also went to the Leukemia & Lymphoma society’s website and found a document on the specific type of leukemia I was researching. I also searched the symptoms of Leukemia and found a good source on Medicine Net. SOURCES: – http://www.lls.org/#/diseaseinformation/leukemia/jmml/ – http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/leukemia/DS00351 – http://www.medicinenet.com/leukemia/page5.htm#symptoms PART IV: I learned that Leukemia is a blood cancer that attacks the bone marrow and the Lymphatic system. I learned that many different types exist and treatment can be complex, depending on the type of Leukemia and other factors. I learned that Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia is most commonly diagnosed in infants, much like my close friend. I didn’t know, but JMML is a very uncommon type of blood cancer and it only occurs in infancy and early childhood. I learned that symptoms can be fevers, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss for no reason, bleeding and bruising easily, and pain in the joints and bones. I learned that doctors diagnose Leukemia by physical exams as well as blood tests and biopsies. I learned that stem-cell transplantation could be used for treatment of this cancer. My friend had this done with the help of his younger brother, and actually went into remission for two years. I really learned a lot about this disease and have an enlightened perspective on Leukemia and its unfortunate victims.

Impact of Gay Marriage on Children Essay

Take a look at the picture of a gay and a lesbian couple (see Figure 1). Long ago people would have raised their eyebrows and glared at such obvious display of affection between two men and two women. They would have scurried away and cursed them who engaged in activities that compromise morality. They would have felt anger to know that a man would even think of marrying another man or a woman to another woman. But years later, this picture has become normal. Wherever people go, they see gay and lesbian couples. They are everywhere. And the government has also come to accept this phenomenon, although there are still debates whether gay marriage, or same-sex marriage, should be legalized and accepted. Gay marriage has been one of the critical issues still not resolved and still plagued lots of people today. There are debates and protests whether this should be legalized or accepted in the society. Many are strongly against gay marriage because of their various beliefs about marriage itself. On the other hand, many are also for gay marriage because they think that marriage is all about equality and freedom to choose and decide. However, we must look at what gay marriage does to the children, because they are also adversely affected by this. This paper will show that gay marriage (the term will be used interchangeably with same-sex marriage in this paper), has a negative impact on children. In 1989, Denmark granted â€Å"registered partnership† to same-sex couples; Norway, in 1993; Sweden, in 1994; and Iceland, in 1996. Other countries in Europe, such as France, Germany, Finland, the Netherlands and Belgium also did the same (Lee Badgett 2). Meezan and Rauch reported that gay marriage (or same-sex marriage) is a reality in the United States and other parts of the world. They added that for the advocates of same-sex marriage, it is a civil rights issue. For the opponents, it is a matter of morality. Both sides are correct, but most importantly, it is a family-policy issue which has not been regarded with the right amount of attention in the American scene (97). The most important question to be considered is: How will same-sex marriage affect the well-being of children? The statistics showed significant trends. In 2007, Craft reported that in 1976 alone, there were about 300,000 to 500,000 gay and lesbian parents. In Bahamas alone, the number of homosexuals is increasing. Many of these, who keep their homosexuality secret, have positions in companies and in governments. The Rainbow Alliance of The Bahamas showed that gay individuals makes up five percent while bisexuals make up 29 percent of The Bahamas population (see Chart 1). Additionally, there are about eight to 10 million children living in gay and lesbian households. It is estimated that the number of gay and lesbian people who are interested to adopt children is nearly two million. The highest concentration of adopted children living with homosexual parents could be found in California. These children tend to be younger. Gates, Lee Badgett, Chambers and Macomber estimated that there were about 65,000 adopted children living in a gay or lesbian household. Moreover, out of the estimated 3. 1 million gay and lesbian households in U. S. , 1. 6 percent includes an adopted child under the age of 18 (7) (see Table 1). In the Frequently Asked Questions article by The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) marriage is all about love, commitment, sharing and compromise. It should not be denied to couples just because of their sex; marriage is a personal choice. However, many believed that the purpose of marriage is procreation; producing children is the natural end of marriage (Cline). Since gay marriage is unnatural (it can’t produce children), Cline said that it would violate this very idea. It would undermine marriage because it is a moral institution for promoting and protecting procreation. Although this paper posits that gay marriage has positive impact on children, it is still important to look at both views about the same-sex marriage in order to make light of the things which are significant for the welfare of the children. Impact on Children Why should the children be considered when it comes to same-sex marriage? Children are helpless, according to Kurts. They rely upon adults. They need the society to provide them with institutions that keep them safe from chaos. Additionally, they cannot articulate their needs and cannot even vote. But, they are society. They are the future of the world. These are just some of the reasons why children’s well-being must be supported and encouraged. Baskerville is right in saying that the impact of gay marriage on children wasn’t paid much attention because the focus was on the debate over gay marriage. It is important to recognize the needs of the children because they deserve to grow in an environment where they have two legally recognized parents (Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health). Their relationship with their parents, the Committee furthered, must be stable and recognized. This must apply to all, whether the parents are of the opposite or of same sex. For those who advocate gay marriage, they said that gay marriage will have positive impact on the children. In an article by Sara Miles, she argued that banning gay marriage will deny children justice since marriage is good for kids. It is true that marriage is good for kids. Most of the literature about marriage would indicate that marriage brings positive outcomes for the children as it provides them with warm, close relationships with their parents. Advocates of gay marriage believe that these reasons must be taken into consideration and let someone marry whoever he wants to marry. Cline reported that those who oppose gay marriage will do anything to keep it from being legalized. However, there will come a time when gay marriage will be legal and recognized. In fact, there were actions taken in other countries to make this possible. With the rise of the issue of gay marriage in America, other areas were also considered, such as adoption of children. Baskerville quoted what Democratic state Sen. Therese Murphy. She believed that almost half of all adopted children in Massachusetts live in households with homosexually-behaving adults. Baskerville added that allowing gay couples to â€Å"have† children, or to give them the right to adopt, is nearly the same as granting them the right to claim the children of a couple. The question here is whether the biological parents will agree to be separated from their children. This is made easy by the government’s initiative to give other people’s children to gay or lesbian couples. The government also has the power to take back the children from their biological parents even though the parents did not do something that would make the government take back the children. This is because the government now had the incentive and the means to take children from their parents with no due process. Baskerville reported that the 1974 Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) gives financial incentives to the states to remove children from their original parents. As a result, CAPTA became instrumental in tearing children away from their parents. Additionally, the federal funds went to the foster-care providers. Even now, there are still children removed from their families despite the fact that foster homes were more abusive than the children’s original families. This problem existed for a long time until the government thought of another program. The government provided another program to solve the problem created by CAPTA, which is the 1997 Adoption and Safe Families Act. It provided more financial assistance to transfer children from foster care to adoption. This expanded the client base of stakeholders who had vested financial interest in available children. Gay marriage, it seemed, made this even worse. Baskerville reported that through having kids adopted by gay couples, the government officials can take advantage of the adoption. These government officials can very well benefit through the funds that are set for the Act. Rekers provided three reasons on why Arkansas has prohibited homosexually-behaving adults from being given license to be foster parents. First: The inherent nature and structure of households with a homosexually-behaving adult uniquely endangers foster children by exposing them to a substantial level of harmful stresses that are over and above usual stress levels in heterosexual foster homes. (Rekers 2) This means that those children entering foster care usually have high incidence of psychological disorder. Rekers explained that if homosexual parents adopted those children, they (the children) are likely to be at risk of psychological harm and maladjustment. This happens when the children are exposed in greater stress brought upon them by the mere presence of a homosexual in a foster home. Moreover, Rekers believed that the children are affected in such a way that they are at risk of depression or psychological disorders (2). Second, Rekers reasoned out the relationships between homosexually-behaving adults tend to be less stable and short-lived, unlike the relationship between a married man and woman. Therefore, this would not be appropriate for children because they will be easily influenced. Furthermore, Rekers believed that suicidal attempt, substance abuse, psychological disorders and breakups happen most often with homosexual partners. Thus, they are incapable of providing a secure and stable home that foster children needed. And if children are to be adopted by these homosexually-behaving adults, it would mean that children will be removed and transfer to another home. Sometimes the transition is traumatic for these children. Third, the household structure of foster-parents consisting of one or more homosexually-behaving members denies children their needs for adjustment that can be found in heterosexual foster homes. Rekers backed this third reason by explaining that unlike heterosexual households, a household with homosexually-behaving adults lack the concrete role of a mother and a father, which is necessary for the growth and development of children. Additionally, homosexual households lack the role of a mother and a father in raising children. Also, the children have no chance to witness a husband/wife relationship, which the society thinks is socially stable and healthier for the children. Rekers said that the children who live with a married man and woman are better adjusted compared to those who live in households with homosexually-behaving adults. Children in foster care must be placed with heterosexual married couple because this will provide them with their needed benefits and leads to better child adjustment. A study presented by Jacobs in her article showed that nearly all 50 studies done on the children of gay and lesbian couples (between six and 14 million in the United States) showed no significant difference between children raised by heterosexual or homosexual couples. However, those who oppose gay marriage argued that most of the studies done were small, there were methodological flaws, and mostly were politically biased. Jacobs reported a study which showed that there’s no significant difference whether a child is raised by a gay or lesbian parents. In short, a child with gay or lesbian parents does not necessarily make him different from his peers. However, Jacobs presented some interesting findings from other researches regarding these differences. She mentioned that in 2001, Judith Stacey, a sociologist, and her colleague, Timothy Biblarz, found out that there are, in fact, some differences. They said that although gay and lesbian parenting is not harmful for children, those who have gay parents differ in some ways from those who have heterosexual parents. For instance, a study headed by Susan Golombok concluded that having homosexual parents does not encourage their children to become homosexuals. However, the daughters of lesbians were more open to the idea of being attracted to the same gender than the daughters of heterosexual mothers. Another finding was that out of the 25 children of lesbians, six of them had had relationship with someone of the same gender. The 21 children of heterosexual mothers did not have a relationship with the same gender. Kurts countered that gays have special case because the difficulties and challenges they experience are not from â€Å"discrimination† of marriage. The challenges and difficulties are due to the problem of sexual difference. He added that marriage is just a consolation for the challenges that are usual in situations faced by gays. Although gays are much tolerated in the United States, using marriage for the wrong purpose will not change the situations of gays. Instead, it will be the end of marriage, and the protection it provides for the children who are helpless. Gay marriage will also have an effect on heterosexual marriage. Supporting gay marriage, according to Gallagher (qtd. in Darby), would mean that the courts will not fully support the views of those who advocate heterosexual marriage. Moreover, if heterosexual marriage is confirmed as a special institution that must be protected and upheld, the number of fatherless children will decrease. Heterosexual marriage will prevent the incidences of children born outside marriage. Kotulski (qtd. in Darby) contradicted this by saying that there will still be fatherless children. There will be factors that would continue to break families, such as poverty and violence. Other Effects Pawelski et. al have noted some other effects of same-sex marriage to children. These effects, as noted, were experienced at different levels. In the psychosocial level, gay and lesbian individuals usually undergo peer rejection, harassment, depression or isolation. In fact, Pawelski et. al reported that almost half (47%) of gay and lesbian teens have thought about committing suicide while 36% actually attempted. Oftentimes, these individuals experience rejection from their loved ones, maltreatment in schools, homelessness, and violence. As adults, they experience discrimination, marginalization and violence. Various debates over the issue of same-sex marriage intensified the unstable environment for the homosexuals in the society. Lack of support and acceptance for them and their children will have effects on their physical and psychosocial health and safety. The children of gay or lesbian couples may, in the same way, experience marginalization and discrimination by those who do not approve of gay or lesbian parenting. More often, these children do not know how or where to find support. Even alliances in schools that admit straight gays can make the situation worse. Pawelski et. al reported that children are brought into long-term partnerships with gay and lesbian parents through surrogacy, adoption and alternative insemination. Their study also delved into the attitudes and behavior, personality and adjustment of parents when it comes to parenting. The authors found out that there were only few differences recorded regarding the comparison between lesbian and heterosexual mothers’ psychological adjustment, self-esteem and attitudes about child rearing. Lesbian mothers, the study showed, passed the psychological assessments and interviews. Furthermore, the study showed that the attitudes of lesbian mothers did not differ much from those of heterosexual mothers. In the same way, gay fathers did not differ much from nongay fathers. In fact, there are more similarities than differences. However, there is concern over the effect of the parent’s sexual orientation on the children because this might lead to embarrassment and thus keep the children from interacting with their peers. It was found out that the children of divorced lesbian mothers experienced more teasing from peers during childhood than the children of divorced heterosexual mothers. It is of interest that Pawelski et. al mentioned that the children who grew up with gay or lesbian parents were more tolerant of diversity and more nurturing than those children with heterosexual parents. Pawelski et. al mentioned another study which showed that children of heterosexual parents considered themselves more aggressive. Their parents and teachers regarded them as more domineering, bossy and negative. On the other hand, the children of lesbian parents considered themselves as more lovable. Their parents and teachers regarded them as more responsive, affectionate and protective of other younger children. Another study showed that the self-esteem, aggressiveness and sociability of children with lesbian parents and those with heterosexual parents have similarities. There were also studies conducted which showed that children of lesbian parents who were satisfied with their relationships have fewer behavioral problems and were better adjusted. There was also a study by the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health wherein the population consisted of 12105 adolescents in the United States. The authors found out that 44 adolescents, ranging from 12 to 18 years old, who were living with two women, were similar to others who have heterosexual parents when it comes to measures of anxiety, depression, self-esteem and school success. There were also similarities regarding family relationships, care from others, neighborhood integration, regardless of whether the children come from opposite-gender or same-gender families (Pawelski et. al). Since the legalization of same-sex marriage in Massachusetts back in 2004, researches today showed that it may have positive impact in strengthening the ties between couples, their children and extended families. It is interesting to note, however, that a large number of young people in America seemed to support gay and lesbian issues. Olander, Kirby and Schmitt mentioned a survey done by the Council for Excellence in Government (CEG) and CIRCLE which asked young people from 15 to 25 years old their perspective about the rights of homosexuals. The survey found out that youths supported gay and lesbian issues such as protection in housing, employment and hate crime, legal partnerships or civic unions and the ability to adopt children (2). There are others who view gay marriage on a positive note. Carpenter believed that gay marriage helps children. He said that gay parenting nowadays is very common in the United States, and that there are children in every gay and lesbian household. He did not seem to agree that children are better raised by a married man and woman. He furthered that gay marriage will not take away children from their biological parents. Although there is no reported shortage of children, the number of married couples is not enough to raise these children. And this is the reason why singles and unmarried couples are allowed sub-optimal parenting. Carpenter thought that this arrangement is better than foster care where the effects on children are unfavorable. Brinkmann countered Carpenter’s views. She believed that if a child is exposed to both sexes in a household, it will have positive effects on his developmental needs. She explained that this aids them in forming their sexual identity. Since the breakdown of marriage in the country had negative effects especially on children, it must be considered that a heterosexual marriage will provide the children stability with regards to family relationships. Brinkmann furthered that without heterosexual marriage, the society will disintegrate. Times have changed and more changes will manifest in the future. Amidst these changes, the welfare of children who are affected by gay marriage must be the utmost consideration. This means that supporting heterosexual marriage will be beneficial for these children. The government and families must make sure that every step of the way, these children will be encouraged and supported. Their needs must be met in order for them to grow as responsible citizens in our society.

Indonesian Cuisine Conclusion Essay Example

Indonesian Cuisine Conclusion Essay Example Indonesian Cuisine Conclusion Essay Indonesian Cuisine Conclusion Essay Essay Topic: Chinatown House on Mango Street Indonesian cuisine is diverse, in part because Indonesia is composed of approximately 6,000 populated islands of the total 18,000 in the worlds largest archipelago. [1] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon cultural and foreign influences. [1] Indonesian cuisine varies greatly by region and has many different influences. [1][2][3] Throughout its history, Indonesia has been involved in trade due to its location and natural resources. Additionally, Indonesia’s indigenous techniques and ingredients were influenced by India, the Middle East, China, and finally Europe. Spanish and Portuguese traders brought New World produce even before the Dutch came to colonize most of the archipelago. The Indonesian islands The Moluccas (Maluku), which are famed as the Spice Islands, also contributed to the introduction of native spices, such as cloves and nutmeg, to Indonesian and global cuisine. Some popular Indonesian dishes such as nasi goreng,[4] gado-gado,[5][6] sate,[7] and soto[8] are ubiquitous in the country and considered as Indonesian national dishes. Sumatran cuisine, for example, often has Middle Eastern and Indian influences, featuring curried meat and vegetables such as gulai and kari, while Javanese cuisine is more indigenous. [1] The cuisines of Eastern Indonesia are similar to Polynesian and Melanesian cuisine. Elements of Chinese cuisine can be seen in Indonesian cuisine: foods such as bakmi (noodles), bakso (meat or fish balls), and lumpia (spring rolls) have been completely assimilated. Some popular dishes that originated in Indonesia are now common across much of Southeast Asia. Indonesian dishes such as satay, beef rendang, and sambal are also favoured in Malaysia and Singapore. Soy-based dishes, such as variations of tofu (tahu) and tempe, are also very popular. Tempe is regarded as a Javanese invention, a local adaptation of soy-based food fermentation and production. Another fermented food is oncom, similar in some ways to tempe but using a variety of bases (not only soy), created by different fungi, and particularly popular in West Java. Indonesian meals are commonly eaten with the combination of a spoon in the right hand and fork in the left hand (to push the food onto the spoon), although in many parts of the country, such as West Java and West Sumatra, it is also common to eat with ones hands. In restaurants or households that commonly use bare hands to eat, like in seafood foodstalls, traditional Sundanese and Minangkabau restaurants, or East Javanese pecel lele (fried catfish with sambal) and ayam goreng (fried chicken) food stalls, they usually serve kobokan, a bowl of tap water with a slice of lime in it to give a fresh scent. This bowl of water should not to be consumed, however; it is used to wash ones hand before and after eating. Eating with chopsticks is generally only found in food stalls or restaurants serving Indonesian adaptations of Chinese cuisine, such as bakmie or mie ayam (chicken noodle) with pangsit (wonton), mie goreng (fried noodles), and kwetiau goreng (fried flat rice noodles). Contents [hide] 1 Rice 2 Other staples 3 Vegetables 4 Meat and fish 5 Spices and other flavorings 6 Peanut sauce 7 Coconut milk 8 Regional dishes Foreign influences 10 Influence Abroad 11 Meal Times 12 Feasts: Tumpeng and Rijsttafel 13 Non-alcoholic Beverages 14 Alcoholic beverages 15 Snacks and street food 16 Fruits 17 Health and hygiene 18 See also 19 References 20 External links [edit]Rice Main article: Rice production in Indonesia Using water buffalo to plough rice fields in Java; Rice is a staple for all classes in contemporary; Indonesia is the worlds third largest paddy rice producer and its cultivation ha s transformed much of Indonesia’s landscape. Rice is a staple for all classes in contemporary Indonesia,[2][9] and it holds the central place in Indonesian culture: it shapes the landscape; is sold at markets; and is served in most meals both as a savoury and a sweet food. The importance of rice in Indonesian culture is demonstrated through the reverence of Dewi Sri, the rice goddess of ancient Java and Bali. Traditionally the agricultural cycles linked to rice cultivations were celebrated through rituals, such as Seren Taun rice harvest festival. Rice is most often eaten as plain rice with just a few protein and vegetable dishes as side dishes. It is also served, however, as nasi uduk (rice cooked in coconut milk), nasi kuning (rice cooked with coconut milk and turmeric), ketupat (rice steamed in woven packets of coconut fronds), lontong (rice steamed in banana leaves), intip or rengginang (rice crackers), desserts, vermicelli, noodles, arak beras (rice wine), and nasi goreng (fried rice). [10] Nasi goreng is omnipresent in Indonesia and considered as national dish. 4] Rice was only incorporated into diets, however, as either the technology to grow it or the ability to buy it from elsewhere was gained. Evidence of wild rice on the island of Sulawesi dates from 3000 BCE. Evidence for the earliest cultivation, however, comes from eighth century stone inscriptions from the central island of Java, which show kings levied taxes in rice. The images of rice cultivation, rice barn, and mouse pest investing a ricefield is evident in K armawibhanga bas-reliefs of Borobudur. Divisions of labour between men, women, and animals that are still in place in Indonesian rice cultivation, were carved into relief friezes on the ninth century Prambanan temples in Central Java: a water buffalo attached to a plough; women planting seedlings and pounding grain; and a man carrying sheaves of rice on each end of a pole across his shoulders (pikulan). In the sixteenth century, Europeans visiting the Indonesian islands saw rice as a new prestige food served to the aristocracy during ceremonies and feasts. 9] Rice production in Indonesian history is linked to the development of iron tools and the domestication of Wild Asian Water Buffalo as water buffalo for cultivation of fields and manure for fertilizer. Rice production requires exposure to the sun. Once covered in dense forest, much of the Indonesian landscape has been gradually cleared for permanent fields and settlements as rice cultivation developed over the last fifteen hundred years. [9] [edit]Other staples Papeda , staple food of eastern Indonesia, served with yellow soup and grilled mackerel. Other staple foods in Indonesia include a number of starchy tubers such as; yam, sweet potato, potato, taro and cassava; also starchy fruit such as breadfruit and jackfruit and grains such as maize and wheat. A sago congee called Papeda is a staple food especially in Maluku and Papua. Sago is also often mixed with water and cooked as a simple pancake. Next to sago, people of eastern Indonesia also consume various kind of wild tubers as staple food. Many types of tubers such as talas (a type of taro but larger and more bland) and breadfruit are native to Indonesia, while others are introduced from elsewhere. Wheat, the base ingredient for bread and noodles were probably introduced from India or China; yam was introduced from Africa; while maize, potato, sweet potato, cassava and maize were introduced from Americas through Spanish influence and finally reached Java in 17th century. Cassava is usually boiled, steamed, fried or processed as popular snack kripik singkong (cassava crackers). Dried cassava, locally known as tiwul, is an alternate staple food in arid areas of Java such as Gunung Kidul and Wonogiri, while other roots and tubers are eaten especially in hard times. Maize is eaten in drier regions such as Madura and islands east of the Wallace Line, such as the Lesser Sunda Islands. [edit]Vegetables Indonesian food includes many vegetables as ingredients like this Sayur oyong made with Luffa acutangula A number of leaf vegetables are widely used in Indonesian cuisine, such as kangkung, spinach, genjer, melinjo, papaya and cassava leaves. These are often sauteed with garlic. Spinach and corn are used in simple clear watery vegetable soup sayur bayam bening flavoured with temu kunci, garlic and shallot. Other vegetables like labu air (calabash), labu siam (chayote), kelor, kacang panjang (yardlong bean), terung (eggplant), gambas and belustru, are cut and used in stir fries, curries and soups like sayur asem, sayur lodeh or laksa. Sayur sop is cabbage, cauliflower, potato, carrot, with macaroni spiced with black pepper, garlic and shallot in chicken or beef broth. The similar mixed vegetables are also stir fried as cap cai, a popular dish of the Chinese Indonesian cuisine. Vegetables like kecipir (winged bean), tomato, mentimun (cucumber) and the small variety of peria (bitter melon) are commonly eaten raw, like in lalab. The large bitter melon variety is usually boiled. kecombrang and papaya flower buds are a common Indonesian vegetable. Urap is seasoned and spiced shredded coconut meat mixed together with vegetables, asinan betawi are preserved vegetables. Gado-gado and pecel are a salad of boiled vegetables dressed in a peanut-based spicy sauce, while karedok is its raw version. [edit]Meat and fish Rendang daging, a beef, mutton or goat meat dish cooked with coconut milk The main meat source diet mostly are poultry and fish, however meats such as beef, water buffalo, goat and mutton are commonly found in Indonesian marketplaces. The most common poultry consumed is chicken and duck, however to a lesser amount, pigeon and wild migrating sea bird are also consumed. As a country with an Islamic majority, Indonesian Muslims follows the Islamic halal dietary law which forbids the consumption of pork. However in other parts of Indonesia where there are significant numbers of non-Muslims, boar and pork are commonly consumed. Dishes made of non-halal meats can be found in provinces such as Bali, North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, West Papua, Papua, and also in Chinatowns in major Indonesian cities. Today to cater for the larger Muslim market, most of the restaurants and eating establishments in Indonesia put halal signs that signify they neither serve pork nor use lard in their cooking. The meat can be cooked in rich spices and coconut milk such as beef, goat or lamb rendang, skewered, seasoned and grilled chicken or mutton as satay, barbecued meats, or sliced and cooked in rich broth soup as soto. Muttons and various offals can be use as ingredients for soto soup or gulai curry. In Bali, with its Hindu majority, the babi guling (pig roast) is popular among locals as well as non-Muslim visitors, while the Batak people of North Sumatra have babi panggang that is a similar dish. The meat also can be processed to be thinly-sliced and dried as dendeng (jerky), or made into abon (meat floss). Dendeng celeng is Indonesian dried, jerked boar meat. [11] As an archipelagic nation, seafood is abundant and commonly consumed especially by Indonesian resides in coastal areas. Popular seafood in Indonesian cuisine among others; mackerel, tuna, wahoo, milkfish, red snapper, anchovy, cuttlefish, shrimp, crab and mussel. Seafood is commonly consumed across Indonesia, but it is especially popular in Maluku islands and Minahasa (North Sulawesi) cuisine. Seafood are usually being bakar (grilled), rebus (boiled) or goreng (fried). However another method of cooking like stir fried in spices or in soup is also possible. Ikan asin (salted fish) is preserved seafood through cured in salt, it is also can be found in Indonesian market. Fresh water fisheries can be found in inland region or area with large rivers or lakes. Popular fresh water fish among others; carp, gourami, snakehead, tilapia, catfish and pangasius. edit]Spices and other flavorings Sambal ulek, a common Indonesian spicy condiment. Rempah is Indonesian word for spice, while bumbu is the Indonesian word for spices mixture or seasoning, and it commonly appears in the names of certain spice mixtures, sauces and seasoning pastes. [12] Known throughout the world as the Spice Islands, the Indonesian islands of Maluku contributed to the introduction of its native spices to world cuisine. Spices such as pala (nutmeg/mace), cengkeh (clove), and laos (galangal) are native to Indonesia. It is likely that lada hitam (black pepper), kunyit (turmeric), sereh (lemongrass), bawang merah (shallot), kayu manis (cinnamon), kemiri (candlenut), ketumbar (coriander), and asam jawa (tamarind) were introduced from India, while jahe (ginger), daun bawang (scallions) and bawang putih (garlic) were introduced from China. Those spices from mainland Asia were introduced early, in ancient times, thus they became integral ingredients in Indonesian cuisine. In ancient times, the kingdom of Sunda and the later sultanate of Banten were well known as the worlds major producers of black pepper. The maritime empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit also benefited from the lucrative spice trade between the spice islands with China and India. Later the Dutch East India Company controlled the spice trade between Indonesia and the world. The Indonesian fondness for hot and spicy food was enriched when the Spanish introduced cabai chili pepper from the New World to the region in 16th century. After that hot and spicy sambals have become an important part of Indonesian cuisine. [13] Sambal evolved into many variants across Indonesia, ones of the most popular is sambal terasi (sambal belacan) and sambal mangga muda (young mango sambal). Dabu-dabu is North Sulawesi style of sambal with chopped fresh tomato, chili, and lime juice. Traditionally prepared laboriously ground upon stone mortar, today sambals is also available as industrial processed products in bottles or jars. Soy sauce is also an important flavorings in Indonesian cuisine. Kecap asin (salty or common soy sauce) was adopted from Chinese cuisine, however Indonesian developed their own kecap manis (sweet soy sauce) with generous addition of palm sugar into soy sauce. Sweet soy sauce is an important marinade for barbecued meat and fish, such as satay and grilled fishes. Sweet soy sauce is also an important ingredient for semur, Indonesian stew. [edit]Peanut sauce Peanut sauce is important part of gado-gado. One of the main characteristics of Indonesian cuisine is the wide application of peanuts in many Indonesian signature dishes, such as satay, gado-gado, karedok, ketoprak, and pecel. Gado-gado and Sate for example have been considered as Indonesian national dishes. [6][7] Introduced from Mexico by Portuguese and Spanish merchants in 16th century, peanuts assumed a place within Indonesian cuisine as a key ingredient. Peanuts thrived in the tropical environment of Southeast Asia, and today they can be found, roasted and chopped finely, in many recipes. Whole, halved, or crushed peanuts are used to garnish a variety of dishes, and used in marinades and dipping sauces such as sambal kacang (a mixture of ground chilies and fried peanuts) for otak-otak or ketan. Peanut oil, extracted from peanuts, is one of the most commonly used cooking oils in Indonesia. Bumbu kacang or peanut sauce represents a sophisticated, earthy seasoning rather than a sweet, gloppy sauce. 14] It should have a delicate balance of savoury, sweet, sour, and spicy flavours, acquired from various ingredients, such as fried peanuts, gula jawa (coconut sugar), garlic, shallots, ginger, tamarind, lemon juice, lemongrass, salt, chilli, peppercorns, sweet soy sauce, ground together and mixed with water to form the right consistency. The secret to good peanut sauce is â€Å"not too thick and not too watery. † Indonesian peanut sau ce tends to be less sweet than the Thai version, which is a hybrid adaptation. Gado-gado is a popular dish particularly associated with bumbu kacang, and is eaten across Indonesia. edit]Coconut milk Shredding coconut flesh to make coconut milk. Coconuts are abundant in tropical Indonesia, and since ancient times Indonesians developed many and various uses for this plant. The broad use of coconut milk in dishes throughout the archipelago is another common characteristic of Indonesian cuisine. It is used in recipes ranging from savoury dishes such as rendang, soto, sayur lodeh, gudeg, and opor ayam to desserts such as es cendol and es doger. Soto is ubiquitous in Indonesia and considered as one of Indonesias national dishes. 8] The use of coconut milk is not exclusive to Indonesian cuisine. It can also be found in Indian, Samoan, Thai, Malaysian, Filipino, and Brazilian cuisines. Nonetheless, the use of coconut milk is quite extensive in Indonesia, especially in Minangkabau cuisine , although in Minahasan (North Sulawesi) cuisine, coconut milk is generally absent, except in Minahasan cakes and desserts such as klappertart. In Indonesian cuisine, two types of coconut milk are found, thin coconut milk and thick coconut milk. The difference depends on the water and oil content. Thin coconut milk is usually used for soups such as sayur lodeh and soto, while the thicker variety is used for rendang and desserts. It can be made from freshly shredded coconut meat in traditional markets, or can be found processed in cartons at the supermarket. After the milk has been extracted from the shredded coconut flesh to make coconut milk, the ampas kelapa (leftover coconut flesh) can still be used in urap, seasoned and spiced shredded coconut meat mixed together with vegetables. Leftover shredded coconut can also be cooked, sauteed and seasoned to make serundeng, almost powdery sweet and spicy finely shredded coconut. Kerisik paste, added to thicken rendang, is another use of coconut flesh. To acquire a rich taste, some households insist on using freshly shredded coconut, instead of leftover, for urap and serundeng. Serundeng can be mixed with meat in dishes such as serundeng daging (beef serundeng) or sprinkled on top of other dishes such as soto or ketan (sticky rice). An example of the heavy use of coconut is Buras from Makassar, rice wrapped in banana leaf cooked with coconut milk and sprinkled with powdered coconut similar to serundeng.

The Element Calcium essays

The Element Calcium essays Calcium is an element that is very important to everyday life. Its important to our bodies and our universe. Its more than a milk mustache or white teeth. Calcium is in fact essential for the make of bones, teeth, shells and leaves. Calcium is fifth in abundance in the earths crust. Calcium is the mineral in our bodies that make up our bones and keep them strong. Ninety nine percent of the calcium in our bodies is stored in our bones and teeth. The remaining one percent is in our blood and soft tissues and is essential for life and health. Without that one percent of calcium our muscles would not contract normally, our blood would not clot and nerves would not carry messages. Calcium was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphrey Davy. When calcium is exposed to air, it forms a white coating of nitride. It is found mostly in limestone, gypsum, chalk and fluorite. Gypsum is dry wall and plaster. Calcium is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals. At room temperature calcium is found to be at a solid state. Calcium is important to me because my body contains 908.908 grams of it. Calcium reacts with water and burns with a yellow and red flame. It is a silvery white color and its classification is metallic. Calciums group name is the alkaline metal. Calcium is also used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. Calcium obviously plays a very important role in our lives. It is very essential for us to live, affecting our bones, teeth, blood and health. It is important to our environment creating other chemicals and things that are useful to us. Calcium is in great demand by a number of industries, and is essential for life. ...

Turn Water Into Liquid Gold With an Alchemy Experiment

Turn Water Into Liquid Gold With an Alchemy Experiment Mix two clear solutions, wait, and watch the liquid turn to gold! This is a simple alchemy project or chemistry demonstration, based on early attempts to make gold from base metals. Materials Solution A 1 gram sodium arsenite50 ml water5.5 ml glacial acetic acid Prepare Solution A by stirring the sodium arsenite into the water. Mix the glacial acetic acid into this solution. Solution B 10 grams sodium thiosulfate50 ml water Prepare Solution B by stirring the sodium thiosulfate into the water. Lets Make Liquid Gold! Pour one solution into the other. The clear solution will turn gold after about 30 seconds. For dramatic effect, keep track of the time and command the solution to turn into gold. You can even use a magic word if youd like. The Chemistry Behind How It Works There is a delayed reaction between the acid and the sodium thiosulfate to release hydrogen sulfide gas. The hydrogen sulfide reacts in turn with sodium arsenite to precipitate tiny crystals of golden arsenious sulfide, which is also known as arsenic trisulfide (As2S3) or orpiment. Both Western and Chinese alchemists experimented with orpiment to try to make gold. Although the mineral can be made to appear metallic under certain conditions, the compound does not undergo any reaction that changes either the arsenic or the sulfur into gold. Still, its a striking demonstration!

Explain how equilibrium is detemined in the keynesian income Essay

Explain how equilibrium is detemined in the keynesian income expenditure model. Use this model to examine the impact of a fall in government spending on the eco - Essay Example Given this rigidity of wages and prices, equilibrium output therefore is determined by demand. The aggregate effective demand is composed of planned real aggregate consumption expenditure (C), planned real aggregate investment (I) and real aggregate government expenditure (G). Real aggregate consumption expenditure is assumed to be a function of real aggregate output (Y) such that if Y rises C also rises but less than proportionally. The equilibrium is attained at that level of income or real output, equal to the effective demand. In the diagram above, the effective demand curve (obtained by vertically summing up C(Y), I and G) intersects the 45 degree line for the level of real aggregate output Y*. Thus Y* is the level of real aggregate output that satisfies the demand supply equality. The intersection point between the effective demand curve and the 45 degree line is referred to as the Keynesian cross. Now if there is a decline in government spending (G) given everything else remains unchanged, the effective aggregate demand will fall for each level of real output. Suppose G falls from G0 to G1. Therefore, the effective demand curve will shift downwards. Therefore the newer intersection point with the 45 degree line shall be to the left of the initial equilibrium point. Y** is the new equilibrium level of income which is lower than Y*. As a result of this decline in the level of real output, there will be a fall in employment as well. As government spending falls, there is a reduction in the effective demand. This reduction causes real output to shrink. This decline in real output again leads to a fall in real aggregate consumption expenditure which in turn reduces effective demand again. This again reduces real aggregate consumption expenditure and so on. However the magnitude of the second fall shall be smaller than the first one due to the non-proportional dependence of consumption on real income. Therefore, as a

Topic in IR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Topic in IR - Essay Example Adam Smith opposed this communist theory and instead advanced the capitalist model of development. The Cold War, after the end of World War II saw a resurgence of this theory, with the capitalist economies and communist blocs advancing the theory of modernization, but within the framework of their ideologies (pg.17). Modernization involves five stages since all countries are at one of the development stages, that comprise of traditional society, transitional stage, take-off, drive to maturity and high mass consumption.(Rostow.W.W.1960), In its earliest forms, modernization had brought together masses of people leading to the establishment of either a democracy, communism or fascism. Modernization has shown people that strong democratic institutions lead to socio-economic development and cultural changes, which in turn lead to individual freedom and gender equality- all of which create a society whose main objective is to ensure human emancipation. The rise in self-expression makes society people- centered, and leads to the concept of freedom of choice. Modernization theory has thus created conditions conducive to the humanistic transformation of society, which is its biggest asset. Economic development is the avowed goal of all societies and ideologies. The development of a nation and its place on the larger world stage is determined by the economic strength that the nations wield. This development can be promoted through democratic means as also by creating an authoritarian regime. The modern world swears by the advantages of a democratic set-up, but the success rates of economics thriving under authoritarian rule cannot be ignored. When we put the economies of South-east Asian nations under a scanner, what projects forth is a kaleidoscope of nations, governed democratically as well as by authoritarian regimes. While all democratic economies are performing extremely well, authoritarian nations too show a remarkable vibrant economic

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Negotiation Process - Assignment Example The potential process for carrying out the negotiation activity to generate a win-win situation for the two parties would also be reflected while the different drawbacks relating to the meeting of the negotiation process and ways of countering such would also be rightly dealt with in the paper. A key approach pertaining to the negotiation process that would contribute in researching the negotiators of the government and the potential of government’s operation related to the development and procurement of GPS product can be identified as the Integrative or the Interest-Based Bargaining approach. The Interest-Based Bargaining Approach contributes in generating a collaborative approach such that both the parties to the negotiation aim in understanding others’ needs to help in generating a win-win situation. Use of Interest-Based or Integrative Bargaining approach helps in building of trust between the different parties to the negotiation process such that the same helps in understanding the interests and potential of the other party to the negotiation agreement (Spangler, 2003). Garmin Ltd. operating in United States can be considered as a key competitor relating to the production of small GPS Guidance Equipment. The GPS Products produced by the company contribute in providing street navigation advantages for automobile and motorcycle drivers. Similarly the company also provides navigation facilities for trucks and also helps in planning for trips. The GPS products contribute in generating effective navigation facilities in terms generating effective information and 3D imagery pertaining to landmarks, important buildings and also street names. GPS products produced by Garmin Ltd. are enabled with speech technology and also help in generation of real maps helping in generating effective directions to the drivers. Similarly the GPS products are also enabled with effective features that get linked to

Enclosed in description Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enclosed in description - Assignment Example Forms are abstract and do not change over time. Shields commenting on this states that â€Å"Forms are objects of knowledge, and since knowledge requires stable, unchanging objects, Forms must have these attributes† (Shields 87). 2. The fact that Socrates does not follow Crito’s advice regarding escape from jail and execution is an indication of the man’s strong conviction regarding justice. He sees escape as morally unjust. It is another matter whether Socrates is guilty or not. According to him it is not right to go against the law. Doing a wrong to correct a wrong is not right. It is equal to the concept of ‘an eye for an eye’ and escaping will result in a great man going against justice. It is not correct to provide such an image (of moral injustice) to the public. Escaping will result in such an image. Crito fears shame because unless Socrates escapes, the public will think that friends (of Socrates) had done nothing to save the philosopher’s life. 3. According to Socrates, an expert is a person who should deliver his goods or advice without contradicting oneself. Morality should also be an essential element. The many cannot really do anything good or bad. The problem with going along with the many is that it can corrupt the morals and sense of justice within a person. The many in this context is the large number of people who want Socrates to escape. But the moral expert would not advice such an act since it would be against justice. This is precisely what Socrates wants Crito to understand. 4. It is not the size of the state that matter, but the strength of the reason for which it was created. The people should work towards upholding that reason and should obey each and every direction given by the state. They may even have to die for it. No individual can survive alone and can do so only under a state’s rule. The state has the power to make individual

Why might we consider globalization to be generated Essay

Why might we consider globalization to be generated - Essay Example Globalization is a big word today and one that has changed the way we look at and understand things around us. What is actually globalization What do we understand by this word Globalization is simply the predisposition of the economy through business, knowledge through technology and thought through philosophy to spread globally. Globalization can also mean the process by which this happens. This term is almost synonymous with intertwining of markets and economies without any consideration for physical border or legal restraints. One of the best examples that jump into my mind is the McDonalds. What better example of globalization Waters1 (1995) describes globalization as 'a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding'. Ideally it is believed that globalization is the means to create a global positive impact upon the poor and the poverty in general by opening the doors to availability of a host of opportunities and resources which would have, otherwise not been available nationally. The downside is that globalization seems to profit the rich more and the poor less, thus widening the gap further. It is true that globalization actually means the broadening of global linkages, while also impacting upon the social and cultural dimensions of the global society, hence propagating a one-world-citizenship which has one economy, one culture and one social order. Ecumenically globalization's definition would be complete with the above classifications. But there are many inroads in the understanding of the term. This is the process with which the poor countries can think of modernization and global competition, enhanced living standards, and work opportunities; on the other hand this very same process is the one which can destroy economies by sudden influx of foreign capital, can destroy marginalized workers livelihood and destabilize national banks. Hence, globalization literally is like a coin - with two very separate sides. When we think of globalization impact on gender, we need to understand first of all what is defined by 'gender'. What is gender Gender is basically the terms that is most commonly used for 'women'. It is mostly used as social term than biological one. Gender as a term is closed to the definition of anything that refers to women in a social connotation. Now let us think about globalization vis--vis gender. How has globalization impacted gender Is globalization gendered Should it be, in the first place Should it not be This essay is trying to look into a few aspects of globalization which impact women and thereby deduce whether globalization is gendered or not. Gender inequality in particular can create very confusing effects which however are able to highlight the fact the there is a strong connection between poverty and gender. UNDP (1999) has statistics with which you cannot argue. Inspite of the common belief, poverty has actually grown by leaps and bound in the last 10-20 years;

Impact of the Black Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Impact of the Black Death - Essay Example It is also believed that the plague might have been carried away to the west up to Constantinople by the fighting Mongols during the late 1340s. After this, it is also believed that the Genoese traders might have been infected and spread the disease further to Europe ports in the north. After two years, approximately the whole of Europe and some parts of North Africa states were infected by this dreaded disease. It is believed medieval doctors might have proposed that a miasmatic vapor was the primary causal infection and improper balance in our blood fluids. This includes the black bile, phlegm, yellow bile and blood. The body humor imbalance is believed to have been caused by the ominous astrological alignments. The Jews were murdered as the scapegoats due to the spread of this disease. Some people believed that the plague was a punishment from God for the human wickedness and they roamed the whole country flagellating themselves to show the atonement act. The reader is guided by eight themes in the plague’s medical perspectives. These perspectives are either modern or medieval. This discusses the impact the plague had on cities, society, the art of time and individuals. An annotated timeline tries to explain specific dates and events of this disaster. Furthermore, nine illustrations have been used to show how the artists represented impacts of the plague on the society and individuals. There are about twelve primary documents most of which have never been translated to English, are sorted from eyewitnesses in Damascus, Constantinople, Prague, Germany, Italy and England. There is a glossary that has been provided to enable readers familiarize themselves with historical and medical terms such as peasant’s revolt of the 1381, verjuice, and bacillus. Lastly, it is followed by an annotated bibliography which is divided by topics. Actually, this work of art is fully

Why might we consider globalization to be generated Essay

Why might we consider globalization to be generated - Essay Example Globalization is a big word today and one that has changed the way we look at and understand things around us. What is actually globalization What do we understand by this word Globalization is simply the predisposition of the economy through business, knowledge through technology and thought through philosophy to spread globally. Globalization can also mean the process by which this happens. This term is almost synonymous with intertwining of markets and economies without any consideration for physical border or legal restraints. One of the best examples that jump into my mind is the McDonalds. What better example of globalization Waters1 (1995) describes globalization as 'a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding'. Ideally it is believed that globalization is the means to create a global positive impact upon the poor and the poverty in general by opening the doors to availability of a host of opportunities and resources which would have, otherwise not been available nationally. The downside is that globalization seems to profit the rich more and the poor less, thus widening the gap further. It is true that globalization actually means the broadening of global linkages, while also impacting upon the social and cultural dimensions of the global society, hence propagating a one-world-citizenship which has one economy, one culture and one social order. Ecumenically globalization's definition would be complete with the above classifications. But there are many inroads in the understanding of the term. This is the process with which the poor countries can think of modernization and global competition, enhanced living standards, and work opportunities; on the other hand this very same process is the one which can destroy economies by sudden influx of foreign capital, can destroy marginalized workers livelihood and destabilize national banks. Hence, globalization literally is like a coin - with two very separate sides. When we think of globalization impact on gender, we need to understand first of all what is defined by 'gender'. What is gender Gender is basically the terms that is most commonly used for 'women'. It is mostly used as social term than biological one. Gender as a term is closed to the definition of anything that refers to women in a social connotation. Now let us think about globalization vis--vis gender. How has globalization impacted gender Is globalization gendered Should it be, in the first place Should it not be This essay is trying to look into a few aspects of globalization which impact women and thereby deduce whether globalization is gendered or not. Gender inequality in particular can create very confusing effects which however are able to highlight the fact the there is a strong connection between poverty and gender. UNDP (1999) has statistics with which you cannot argue. Inspite of the common belief, poverty has actually grown by leaps and bound in the last 10-20 years;

Human Resource Management International Pay Systems Essay

Human Resource Management International Pay Systems - Essay Example Conversely, there is evidence that paying workers bonuses based on organizational performance can markedly increase their effort and performance (Bateman and Snell 2004). Pay can thus be a powerful motivator in encouraging many workers to higher performance and greater growth. Nevertheless, effective pay systems--satisfactory for the worker as well as productive for the employer--are more the exception than the rule. External wage comparability is regarded as a means of achieving a degree of equity vis--vis other employees outside the employing organization. The assumption is that wages in the organization should be comparable to those outside it. The focus is on the going rates for comparable work with other employers. If Robert Lord works in Japan, his pay would differ from those of the same age. There are first the components of what is paid out in respect of the work done in any one pay period. There is commonly a basic time-rate, but this may account for only a minor part of total earnings, for these may also contain forms of payment by results or bonus on performance; payment for overtime; premiums for shift, night, or weekend work; other allowances for work in special conditions; allowances for tools, clothing, or travelling time; and allowances for seniority or age (Schuler, 1998). Robert Lord's pay would involve housing, healthcare, transportation and premiums. Also, the company will have to spend additional resources on language training and his family. There remain amenities that are made available to employees generally, but are not provided in specified amounts to any one employee as part of his agreed and enforceable terms of employment. These amenities include subsidized canteens and recreational and educational facilities; medical services; contributory pension or life insurance schemes in which the participation of the employee is voluntary; and sale of the firm's own product to employees at concessionary rates. This different is equitable because the company will have to create favorable and comfortable conditions for R. Lord and his family abroad. Allowance must be made for the boundaries between the groups of occupations having been drawn differently in the various countries, but this will hardly account for differences as great as we find when we run our eyes along the bottom row and the top. But pay differentials are not the sole or very possibly even the main means by which the required allocation is sought in practice. There are also administrative incentives and pressures, which in Poland have been described as 'the long-standing policy of planned recruitment, the training of cadres and the planned employment of persons graduating from higher and seco ndary schools, housing policy, and social policy (Bateman and Snell 2004). In several years spent in Japan, Robert Lord would lose his connections and relations in his home country. The company would have to support him and help to adapt to new environment. In 3-5 years, the company's structure and design, climate and resources would change significantly, so the 'old' workplace would be alien to R. Lord. The company would have to support Lord and his family to relocate back to the USA (Schuler, 1998). Pay for

Effects of Drug Use during Pregnancy on Children Essay Example for Free

Effects of Drug Use during Pregnancy on Children Essay Being pregnant means more than just carrying a child in uteri for nine months. Pregnant women must watch what they put into their bodies because it will directly affect the life of their unborn child. Unborn children are totally helpless to their mothers’ actions and totally dependent on everything they do. All pregnant women need to be aware of the consequences of using drugs during pregnancy; drugs such as, cocaine, heroin, cigarettes, methamphetamine, and marijuana. All drugs illegal or not could have critical and long lasting effects on children throughout their whole life. What are drugs? Drugs are chemicals that can make you change the way the body works. Some drugs are worse than others but no matter which one used, during pregnancy all drugs have dreadful effects on the unborn child. The drugs cocaine, heroin, tobacco/cigarettes, methamphetamines and marijuana can affect children in different ways; however, they all should be avoided during pregnancy. Mothers need to think about their unborn child and the adverse effects using drugs will have on them not only as infants but as young children and young adults as well. Cocaine is a strongly addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine is one of the oldest drugs known to this day (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). There is no safe amount of cocaine for a woman who is pregnant because any cocaine taken will transfer to the baby as well (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Heroine is also a highly addictive drug and it is the most abused and fast acting of the opiate group. Heroine, processed from morphine, is derived from certain poppy plants. Heroin will cross over to the baby through the placenta and cause an unborn baby to be dependent on the drug. Tobacco/cigarettes are a non illicit drug and the most common drug used among pregnant woman. Tobacco products have been linked to low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Methamphetamines are highly addictive substances with powerful central nervous system stimulant properties (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Methamphetamines are considered a major drug of abuse and can cause low birth weight, miscarriages and could lead to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in America today. Women who use marijuana on a daily basis will operate at subliminal levels because it directly affects the way the brain works. When using marijuana during pregnancy the mother is more likely to have a miscarriage or a low birth weight baby. No matter which drug the mother is using it can be detrimental to the unborn baby’s health and should be avoided. Using drugs during pregnancy not only affects the baby a birth but it can affect that child for the rest of his/her life. The child can experience many difficulties in when he/she goes to school as well. Each drug is different and affects children differently. Cocaine may cause drug dependency and withdrawal symptoms at birth, as well physical and me ntal problems, especially if the mother used cocaine during the first three months of pregnancy. There is a higher risk of hypertension, heart problems, developmental retardation and learning difficulties (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). It has been reported that prenatal cocaine exposure is linked to cognitive and neuropsychological development and school functioning in 6 to 8 year olds (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). A baby who has been exposed to prenatal cocaine use by the mother is more likely to be irritable, jittery and have an irregular sleeping pattern, visual problems and problems with sensory stimulation (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). During pregnancy cocaine crosses into the placenta and enters the baby’s blood circulation and will stay in the blood longer than it will the mother (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Using cocaine during pregnancy increases the risk of having a miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy. During the later part of pregnancy, using cocaine can cause placental abruption which could lead to severe bleeding, preterm birth and death of the unborn baby (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Also babies who are exposed to cocaine during the later part of pregnancy may experience a dependence of the drug and may be required to be weaned off the drug at birth because the child can experience withdrawal symptoms (Joan Keegana, 2010). Symptoms include tremors, sleeplessness, muscle spasms, and feeding problems for the infant. Prenatal cocaine exposure has also been linked to behavior problems among the children in school, and aggression and shoddier attention and processing skills (Delaney-Black, 2010). For children of prenatal cocaine exposure life can be difficult, struggling in school at an early age may detour that child from continuing school when they are older to achieve his/her diploma. Also the children will have all sorts of behavior issues in school. Compared to children with no cocaine exposure, children who were exposed to cocaine had drastically more mother and teacher behavior problems throughout early elementary school (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). Children of older women who used cocaine during pregnancy also experienced more difficulties in school than children born to younger mothers who used cocaine (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). Children who are exposed to cocaine prenatally were also linked to be affected by weight and height, meaning children were smaller in weight and height categories compared to their peers. Cocaine is a very powerful drug and should not be used at all and more importantly should not be used during pregnancy. Cocaine use during pregnancy could be fatal for the unborn child and does not give him/her a fair chance at life. A pregnant woman needs to think about her unborn child before she does cocaine because her child could potentially have multiple problems in school and in life. The most important reason for a woman not to use cocaine during pregnancy is it could kill an unborn child. Heroine is classified as an opiate and travels the fastest of any drug into the baby’s blood stream when the mothe r is pregnant and used it (Joan Keegana, 2010). Like cocaine heroin is also very addictive and the baby once born can become dependent on this drug and have to be weaned off of it (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Using heroin while pregnant can affect fetal development. Heroin use has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and premature birth, and babies may be born smaller than average and may be prone to illness (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). The substances that are cut with heroin may also cause problems during the pregnancy and affect the developing fetus. Injecting heroin can increase the risk of both the mother and baby becoming infected with blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis and HIV (Joan Keegana, 2010). Pregnant women who want to stop taking heroin need to be very careful. Sudden withdrawal from heroin may harm the baby and increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth and stillbirth (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). If a mother continues to use heroin while breastfeeding, it is possible that the drug will be present in her milk and may have adverse effects on the baby. Babies of mothers who use heroin will have some long-term effects. Some children at three to six years of age children whose mothers were addicted to heroin were lower in weight and height compared to the other children whose mothers did not use heroin, and impaired in behavioral, perceptual and organizational abilities. Babies born with low birth weight have been shown to have many difficulties later in life such as, language learning disabilities, behavior problems, and children are more likely to be rejected by peers and performance in school may suffer and the children may need special education courses. Heroin is a very bad drug to be addicted too, not only because of the risks it presents on the person using it, but because it has an added risk of HIV because of all the needle sharing. Using heroin or any opiate should be avoided at all time for children’s sake. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy affects development of a babys, brain, spinal cord, heart and kidneys (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Methamphetamine use during pregnancy may result in prenatal complications, like premature delivery and birth deformities. High doses of the drug may cause a babys blood pressure to rise rapidly, leading them to suffer strokes or brain hemorrhages before birth (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). Methamphetamine-exposed babies may experience gastroschisis and other problems with the development of their intestines (National Institutes on Drug Abuse, 2009). As a result of methamphetamine use by their mothers, some babies may suffer developmental and skele tal abnormalities and some babies are born without parts of their arms or legs (Joan Keegana, 2010). Because methamphetamine affects transmitters in the brain, babies often experience sleep disturbances and altered behavioral patterns (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). These babies have been described as irritable babies. Full-term babies born to mothers who use methamphetamine will likely have difficulty sucking and swallowing, much like premature babies. Often babies born to meth-addicted women cannot tolerate stimuli such as human touch and light. These babies often display tremors and coordination problems (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Babies whose mothers used methamphetamine during pregnancy may experience learning disabilities, growth and developmental delays (Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy, 2008). The effects of methamphetamine use on brain development may last for many years. School-aged children whose mothers used methamphetamine while pregnant are more likely to be hyperactive or to have attention deficit disor ders, learning disabilities and unprovoked fits of anger (Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy, 2008). When pregnant women use marijuana it crosses into the baby through the placenta. Marijuana contains toxins that keep the baby from getting the proper amount oxygen that the baby needs in order to grow normally (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Marijuana use during pregnancy is one of the lesser bad drugs; however, it could still pose detrimental problems on the growing fetus (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Babies born to women who used marijuana during their pregnancy display altered responses to visual stimulation, increased tremors, and a high-pitched cry, which could indicate problems with nervous system development (Joan Keegana, 2010). During preschool and early school years, children who have been exposed to marijuana have been reported to have more behavioral problems and difficulties with sustained attention and memory than children who were not exposed (Joan Keegana, 2010). Because some parts of the brain continue to develop into adolescence, it is also possible that certain kinds of problems will become more evident as the child matures (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Pregnant women should not to use any drugs because they might harm the growing fetus. Although one animal study has linked marijuana use to loss of the fetus very early in pregnancy, two studies in humans found no association between marijuana use and early pregnancy loss (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). Regardless of the situation, mothers should not smoke marijuana because of the possibilities of it causing harm of the baby. Tobacco is the most commonly drug used among women who are pregnant because the quit rate is surprisingly low. Only twenty percent of woman who smoke will quit smoking completely during their pregnancy (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). Women who are heavy smokers are less likely to quit as well. Smoking during pregnancy can cause premature birth and can cause the baby to be little. Smoking while pregnant is also linked to placenta previa, placenta abruption and sudden infant death syndrome (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). While smoking tobacco has long been linked to poor growth in a fetus and other short-term effects, it also has long-term effects on a baby whose mother smoked during the pregnancy. Only about twenty percent of women smokers who become pregnant quit (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). With all of the health effects that tobacco can have on both baby and mother, pregnant women who smoke are advised to try and quit for their own health and the health of their child (Miles, 2009). Children born to mothers who smoke tobacco tend to be more impulsive and have more trouble learning and developing. Infants whose mothers smoked while they were in the pregnant are more likely to exhibit lower scores on mental tests at age one and to have lower grades overall during the school years than children whose mothers who did not use tobacco (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). The risk of a learning disability, such as dyslexia, rises twenty-five percent in children whose mothers smoked a pack or more of cigarettes a day. Babies born to smokers may also have lifelong birth defects that impede mental development, such as cerebral palsy or mental retardation (Miles, 2009). Those whose mothers smoked moderately or heavily during pregnancy were over four times as likely to develop type two diabetes; also called adult onset diabetes, before the age of 33, which is considered an early age for developing this type of diabetes. The children of mothers who smoke are also more likely to become obese later in life. There is also a link between fetal exposure to tobacco smoke and future risk of cardiovascular disease (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). Children who were exposed to tobacco smoke as a fetus are more likely to develop hypertension, or high blood pressure, than the children of women who did not smoke during pregnancy (Miles, 2009). This increase was originally thought to be correlated to the low birth weight typical of babies whose moms smoked during pregnancy, but when compared with children of similar birth weight, the smokers children had higher blood pressure at ages five and six than other kids. Mothers who smoke tobacco while pregnant may also affect their babys brain in ways that last a lifetime. These children are more likely to engage in criminal behavior and to abuse drugs than the children of women who did not smoke while pregnant (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Overall, mothers who are pregnant should not use any type of drug from illicit to non illicit because they can all have detrimental consequences on the growing baby, not just in the womb but later in life as well. Work Cited * Barbara L. Thompson, P. L. (2009). Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education. National Institutes of Health , 10 (4), 303-312. * Delaney-Black, V. (2010). Prenatal and Postnatal cocaine exposure predict teen cocaine use. Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 110-119. * Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy. (2011). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from The Good Drugs Guide: www.thegooddrugsguide.com * Gale A. Richardson, L. G. (2010). Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother-and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 69-77. * Joan Keegana, M. P. (2010). Addiction in Pregnancy. Journal of Addictive Diseases , 29 (2), 175-191. * Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy. (2008, October). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from North Dakota Department of Health: www.nddh.com * Miles, M. (2009). Challenges for midwives: pregnant women and illicit drug use. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing , 28 (1), 83-90. * National Institutes on Drug Abuse. (2009). Retrieved May 18, 2011, from National Institutes of Health: www.nida.nih.gov * Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy. (2008, October). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from American Pregnancy Association: www.americanpregnancyassociation.org * Vanessa E Murphy, V. L. (2010). The effect of cigarette smoking on asthma control during exacerbations in pregnant women. Thorax , 739-744.

America Needs More Government Programs to Pull Children Out of Poverty

The face of poverty is changing in the United States. When someone mentions that a person is living in poverty, we are inclined to think of a bum living on the street, eating at shelters, and using whatever money they have for alcohol, drugs and tobacco. Usually we visualize this person as being a middle-aged male with drab clothing and a long beard. This description may have fit the average person living in poverty or on the street a few years ago, but it is no longer a correct generalization. Children are the face of poverty in 2015. These children have little chance to rise up out of the lifestyle they are born into. Many of these children are born to teenage girls. The economic states of these mothers and their lifestyles many times put these children in a place of poverty at birth with little hope. The children as well as their parents are in need of assistance in order to stop the growing problem of child homelessness and poverty. There ar e many different opinions and ideas on how to deal with this problem and help these unfortunate children and their families. Unfortunately many of these programs are unsuccessful and do little to help while others are successful in combating the problem and really helping the children in need. First, I will describe the programs that have been ineffective and we must avoid. The first of these would be ignoring the problem and hoping it goes away. The problem is not going to go away. In fact, the numbers of poverty-stricken children are increasing rapidly. If we do not do anything to help these children, we could miss out on great scientists, future doctors, and many other contributions to society that these children are capable of making. Also, we have to remember that these children di... ...times it seems unfair that we are paying to support other people. It is expensive to try and care for all the poverty-stricken children, but it is something that is well worth the effort. We have to take the time to find out what works and w hat does not. After all, it is the future-our children- that we are trying to save. Works Cited Wood, David. "Effect of Child and Family Poverty on Child Health in the United States." Effect of Child and Family Poverty on Child Health in the United States. N.p., 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. Sources Consulted "11 Causes of Teen Homelessness." Do Something. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "11 Facts About Homeless Teens." Do Something. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. Main, Thomas. "How to Think About Homelessness: Balancing Structural and Individual Causes." Springer Link. N.p., Jan. 1998. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.

E-mail Essay -- Technology, Communication

Email is the most widely used communication tool within companies today. Email has been described as a curse and a blessing. Email reaches its recipients quickly and can be sent across the globe within seconds. Companies with multiple locations find this essential in communicating. Email can also reach a large number of individuals within a matter of keystrokes. Sending a mass email reaches many recipients with one consistent message. While there are many praises of email, its drawbacks must be considered as well. Email communication can financially impact an organization. Emails sent without a clear message can lead to misinterpretations which ultimately may cost the company money. Employees often complain of receiving up to and sometimes over 100 emails a day and often many do not pertain to them. For each email the employee must read to determine its value to them or spend time reading to perceive a clear message, it reduces the employee’s productivity. Managers and coworkers who use effective email techniques can increase communication accuracy, decrease frustration and increase productivity. BYRON, K. (2008). CARRYING TOO HEAVY A LOAD? THE COMMUNICATION AND MISCOMMUNICATION OF EMOTION BY EMAIL. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 309-327. doi:10.5465/AMR.2008.31193163 This article provides a unique examination into how the emotion written in email affects its perception. Study results were measured on emails written with positive, negative and neutral emotions. Gender and relationship status were taken into account for this study. The conclusion results suggested that misinterpretations as a result of emotion written within email is inevitable and varies largely from the intended emotion of the sender and th... ...This article addresses the cost of email mistakes and the characteristics of an effective email. The charts provided not only indicate the cost of the mistakes but the hours lost in productivity. Accuracy, clarity, spelling, punctuation, grammar and conciseness were identified as characteristics of an effective email. While this article clearly identifies the cost of ineffective emails and the loss of productivity, it lacks solutions to improve efficient email writing. A source is referenced but lacks detail in study information. Studies within the literature researched support the thesis that the use of effective email techniques can increase communication accuracy, decrease frustration and increase productivity. Elements of a properly written email were identified. Training implementation and measurement proved to improve clarity and productivity.

Diagnosis Of Acute Appendicitis Health And Social Care Essay

Among patients showing to an exigency section ague hurting of the lower venters is a frequent clinical characteristic ; really frequently taking to the intuition of acute appendicitis.The determination to execute surgery is normally based merely on research lab trials and the clinical rating by the sawbones. In order to better the diagnostic truth in these patients ultrasound and computed imaging have been used as clinical AIDSs with decreased negative laparotomy rates as a consequence. 1,2,5 Ultrasound in adept custodies can accomplish a high grade of truth 1, but the drawback of the technique is its perceiver dependence, with important differences in truth. Acute appendicitis ( AA ) is a common surgical status of the venters, the prompt diagnosing of which is rewarded by a pronounced lessening in morbidity and mortality 1. Although the determination to research a patient with suspected AA is based chiefly on disease history and physical findings, the clinical presentation is rarely typical. Therefore diagnostic mistakes are common, ensuing in a average incidence of perforation of 20 % and a negative laparotomy rate runing from 2 % to 30 % 1. During the past few old ages, there has been a turning tendency toward the usage of formal probabilistic logical thinking or quantitative informations as a usher to clinical determination devising. In this regard, several hiting systems, computer-based theoretical accounts, and algorithms 2-12 have been developed for back uping the diagnosing of AA on the footing of rating medical history, clinical symptoms and marks, and indexs of inflammatory response. Harmonizing to initial rating studies, these determination tools are cost-efficient and may supply considerable diagnostic AIDSs to doctors 13. However, the aforesaid theoretical accounts have non been routinely applied in general pattern because they have failed to accomplish equal truth in proof surveies 14-17. Roll uping grounds has suggested that US in experient custodies improves diagnostic truth in instances of suspected AA 18, 19. Therefore, sonographic imagination has been proposed as a diagnostic tool even in patients with a clinically high chance of AA, because it accurately depicts a high per centum of normal appendices and alternate diagnosings 20. However, these findings do non connote that sawboness may non use their clinical acumen to the direction of topics with suspected AA, inasmuch as series with false-negative sonographic rates of up to 24 % have been reported 21. Furthermore, merely light informations exist on the possible combination of US findings with clinical and laboratory variables as an incorporate determination tool 22. The purposes of the present survey were to develop a simple and dependable marking system that would integrate US appraisal and peculiar elements of clinical rating and research lab probe to supply high diagnostic truth in patients with suspected AA and to measure the public presentation of the derived categorization regulation as compared to that of antecedently proposed theoretical accounts in a independent database of topics with suspected AA.Patients AND METHODSThe present probe included overall 134 topics with suspected AA who were studied over a span of 2 old ages ( conducted between January 2005 and December 2006.The survey was experimental and no intercession was done except for the add-on of formalized informations aggregation. Subsequently, the public presentation of the mark in the above database was compared to that of 11 antecedently proposed diagnostic tonss for AA, which were besides calculated by utilizing informations from the population of the survey. The choice standards sing the aforesaid diagnostic tonss for AA were ( 1 ) development of each mark from patients showing with acute abdominal hurting, ( 2 ) old proof in at least one prospective survey and ( 3 ) feasibleness of each mark computation ( viz. no losing variables ) on the footing of the informations prospectively collected in our survey by utilizing a structured signifier that included a standardised questionnaire. Four independent forecasters of the presence of AA were expressed as an integer-based marking system, which were assigned a weight ( point ) to each forecaster and summed the weights of the forecasters that were present for a topic: [ figure of points = 6 for US positive for AA + 4 for tenderness in right lower quadrant + 3 for recoil tenderness + 2 for leucocyte count & A ; gt ; 12,000/?l ] identified in the analysis. Non-operated topics were assumed non to hold AA, because none of them developed appendicitis during followup of 3 hebdomads. Because the end of the present survey was to compare the new theoretical account with the legion old 1s, application of the new mark to the survey in order to cut down the negative appendicectomy rate was non possible without biasing the consequences. Hence, no score-based intercession took topographic point, and the determination to run or non was left to the judgement of the senior sawbones, who was non cognizant of the decision of each theoretical account for every person topic. All the ultrasound ( U/S ) scrutinies included in this survey were preformed by the senior graduate student occupant. In each patient the venters was ab initio examined at U/S by utilizing 2.5-5 MHz convex array transducer. This rating was supplemented with U/S appraisal of the appendix and the environing part by utilizing a 5 MHz additive array transducer and the ranked compaction techniqueStatistical AnalysisStatistical analysis was performed utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences package ( SPSS Inc, release 11.0 ) . Acute appendicitis at operation was used as the terminal point in the survey. Univariate correlativities between the presence of the aforesaid terminal point and clinical or laboratory characteristics were evaluated with the chi-squared trial, as appropriate for categorical informations, and with Student ‘s t-test for uninterrupted variables. Ninety-five per centum assurance intervals ( 95 % CIs ) were calculated for each comparing. 2 Ten 2 tab ular array was used to cipher the sensitiveness, specificity, negative prognostic value, positive prognostic value and truth. All trials of significance were two-tailed, and a p value less than 0.05 was considered to be important.ConsequenceThe above diagnostic mark was calculated for 134 indiscriminately selected patients ( 70 [ 52.2 % ] males, average age 28.7  ± 11.9 old ages [ scope ; 15-79 old ages ] ) hospitalized for suspected AA. Among the above topics, 73 ( 54.0 % ) went on to surgery and 58 ( 43.3 % ) had AA at operation. The application of the new categorization tool to the patients showed 96.5 % of topics with 8-15 points to hold AA ( Table 1 ) . The proposed dignostic theoretical account yielded a mark of & A ; lt ; 8 points for all 61 non-operated patients in the survey. The present theoretical account exceeded perceptibly the old 1s in diagnostic truth ( Figure 1 ) . The negative appendicectomy rate was 19.4 % ( 14 out of 72 operated patients ) . None of the 6 patients ( 4.5 % of entire ) who were in the subgroup with the lowest mark ( 0-4 points ) had AA, whereas in 56 ( 96.5 % ) of the patients with the highest mark ( 8-15 points ; n = 58 [ 41.8 % of entire ] ) , AA was the concluding diagnosing. Nevertheless, the proportion of topics with AA among patients with moderate tonss ( 5-7 points ; n = 70 [ 52.2 % of entire ] ) was really little ( 3 out of 70, 4.3 % ) . Therefore, utilizing the cut-off of ? 8 points for the diagnosing of AA in the survey, a really high chance of AA would hold been assigned to topics with 8-15 points ( 96.5 % , 56/58 ) as opposed to the really low chance for patients with 0-7 points ( 4.3 % , 3/70 ) .DiscussionThe theoretical account suggested in the present survey combines the diagnostic value of four variables: viz. two well-recognized clinical characteristics of AA ( tenderness in the right lower quarter-circle and bounce tenderness ) 1, US imagination, and leucocytosis, the latter reflecting the inflammatory response. The prominence of the aforesaid factors as independent correlatives of AA corroborates old studies, which have shown tonss non including the above clinical variables and leucocytosis to supply poorer favoritism 1, 15. With respect to the varied weighting of the four multivariate forecasters, a positive US happening surpassed any other factor by presenting an at least 5.5-fold addition to the chance of AA as suggested by 95 % CIs ( Table 3 ) . Harmonizing to the proposed threshold of ? 8 points, if the appendix is sonographically shown to be inflamed, the presence of at least one extra factor is required to set up AA, whereas in the absence of US showing AA, all three staying variables are necessary for the diagnosing. For illustration, the above theoretical account would propose the diagnosing of AA in a patient with leucocytosis and a positive US determination ( entire score 8 points ) , even if recoil or right lower quadrant tenderness were missing. The application of the new system to the external database yielded an impressive diagnostic truth of 96.5 % , which exceeded perceptibly the public presentation of old tonss. The high quality of the new mark could be attributed to the incorporation of an imaging mode in a formal determination tool for AA, which is the fresh diagnostic process introduced in the present survey. Although sonographic imagination of the venters has been established as a utile tool in diagnosing of AA being of peculiar value in patients with untypical presentation 23, its truth has been doubted in more recent big surveies and meta-analyses 18, 19, 21, 24-26. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that, when US is used as the finding factor for operative therapy, it can non be relied on to the exclusion of the sawbones ‘s careful and perennial rating 21. Furthermore, a prospective multicenter experimental test on 2280 patients with acute abdominal hurting reported no correlativity between the sonographic findings of the appendix and the diagnostic truth of the clinician, the rate of negative appendicectomy, and the perforation rates, therefore proposing no clear benefit of US scanning of the appendix in the everyday clinical puting 19. In add-on, echography failed to better the diagnostic truth or the negative appendicectomy rate and was even found to detain surgical aud ience and appendicectomy in a big survey that included 766 topics 24. However, it has been shown that US is unneeded when there is a high grade of clinical intuition as expressed by a positive Alvarado mark, whereas the extra information provided by US improves diagnostic truth in the instance of a negative or ambiguous Alvarado mark 25. Furthermore, a meta-analysis published in the in-between 1990s suggested that US is most helpful in patients with an undetermined chance of the disease after the initial rating and should non be used to except AA in topics with authoritative marks and symptoms because of the underlying comparatively high false-negative rate 18. Finally, a more recent meta-analysis on the value of US in the diagnosing of AA revealed dissatisfactory consequences in multi-center tests, proposing that the equal public presentation of echography in single-center surveies may non reflect surgical mundane life 26. Ultrasound is rapid, noninvasive, cheap, and requires no patient readying or contrast material disposal 23. Because it involves no ionizing radiation and excels in the word picture of acute gynaecological conditions, it is recommended as the initial imagination survey in kids 27 and in adult females 28, particularly during gestation 29. Yet, the restrictions of US include its decreased truth in corpulent or muscular topics, every bit good as in patients with pierced AA ( about 50 % ) compared to that observed in nonperforated AA ( 80 % ) 23. Furthermore, US is known to be extremely operator-dependent, the larning curve required to develop the technique for sonographically scanning the right lower quarter-circle is considerable, and there are many interpretative booby traps to be avoided 23. It has been shown, nevertheless, that even if radiology occupants or inexperient sawboness conduct the imagination, the truth of US is non lessened 30, 31. In any instance, although the standards for the US-based diagnosing of AA are well-established and dependable, the inexperient tester, working with hapless equipment and/or technique, will supply suboptimal consequences, and this possibility should be taken into history when integrating sonographic standards in the diagnostic form. The usage of US in the scene of suspected AA might be questioned in an epoch when appendiceal computed imaging ( CT ) has been demonstrated to supply an truth rate every bit high as 98 % in the diagnosing of AA, taking to improved patient attention and reduced usage of hospital resources 32. Furthermore, CT has repeatedly been shown to exhibit superior discriminatory capacity compared to US in both grownups and striplings with suspected AA 33-35, proposing that the proposed categorization system may non use to geographical countries where CT scanning is readily available on a 24-hour footing. In this survey, the inability to routinely execute CT scanning may account to a great extent for the comparatively high false positive rate of about 20 % . This figure of false positive diagnosings would be unacceptable in most Westernized states, where the appropriate CT use in community infirmaries has been shown to cut down the negative appendicectomy rate from 14 % -20 % to 2 % -7 % 36-38. H owever, because many parts of the universe wellness community may still non be able to afford CT scanning but can afford US equipment, the combined systematic execution of sonographic rating and clinical acumen could be valuable as suggested by the present survey. Because the coincident application of the preexisting theoretical accounts and the new mark to the same database has favored the latter, the several clinical deductions should be farther evaluated. A prospective interventional large-scale rating in different clinical environments, in an adequate controlled survey comparing a baseline stage without hiting to a subsequent stage with hiting would likely be the optimum attack 15, 16. To cut down prejudice with such a design, unvarying informations aggregation should be carried out harmonizing to changeless definitions, with standardised public presentation standards used to guarantee nonsubjective rating 16. Any diagnostic support for AA should be heartily welcomed if it has been proven to be clinically valuable, because intolerably high negative appendicectomy and perforation rates are still reported in many parts of the universe wellness community. However, apart from being familiar with elements non included in a quantitative theoretical account, doctors may be able to supply superior imputations of losing informations for an single patient and to incorporate the diagnostic estimation as portion of their overall patient appraisal. Therefore, including the proposed mark in the diagnostic process is deserving seeking and may heighten a sawboness prejudiced capacity, under the requirement that it will be considered as an adjunct in determination devising that can non replace careful surgical judgement. Table 1 Performance of the proposed diagnostic mark in the survey.Number of pointsNumber of patients [ n=134 ] ( % of sum )Acute appendicitis [ n=59,44.0 % ]Non appendicitis status [ n=75, 56.0 % ]Percentage of patients with appendicitis among patients with the several mark0-4 06 ( 4.5 % ) 0 06 0 % 5-7 70 ( 52.2 % ) 3 67 4.38 % 8-15 58 ( 43.3 % ) 56 2 96.5 % Table 2 Demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of the patients with suspected appendicitis.Patients ‘ features ( n = 134 )Acute appendicitis ( % ) [ n = 59, 44.0 % ]No appendicitis ( % ) [ n = 75, 56.0 % ]P valueDemographic informationsMale sex 35 ( 59.5 ) 40 ( 53.5 ) 0.292 Age [ mean  ± SD ( scope ) ] 27.2  ± 12.2 ( 15-85 ) 29.4  ± 14.7 ( 15-86 ) 0.889SymptomsAnorexia 40 ( 67.8 ) 53 ( 70.7 ) 0.675 Vomiting 28 ( 47.3 ) 28 ( 37.2 ) 0.076 Migration of hurting 36 ( 61.0 ) 25 ( 33.3 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Duration of symptoms & A ; lt ; 48 hours 49 ( 83.0 ) 49 ( 65.3 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001SignsTenderness in right lower quarter-circle 53 ( 89.8 ) 31 ( 41.3 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Rebound tenderness 36 ( 66.1 ) 19 ( 25.3 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Guarding 29 ( 49.1 ) 14 ( 18.6 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Rectal tenderness 16 ( 27.1 ) 24 ( 32.0 ) 0.321Laboratory informationsLeukocyte count & A ; gt ; 12,000/?l 36 ( 61.0 ) 8 ( 10.7 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Neutrophils & A ; gt ; 75 % 50 ( 84.7 ) 34 ( 45.4 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Temperature & A ; gt ; 37.5 & A ; deg ; C 43 ( 72.8 ) 44 ( 58.7 ) 0.008 Ultrasound positive for acute appendicitis 48 ( 81.4 ) 39 ( 5.2 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Table 3 Comparison of the proposed mark with the old 1s.Scoring instrumentTrue positiveFalse positiveTrue negativeFalse negativeTinSPCPPV ( 95 % CI )NPV ( 95 % CI )P ValueVan Way 71 29 85 16 81.6 74.6 71.0 ( 61.5-78.9 ) 84.2 ( 75.8-90.0 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Teicher 77 19 95 10 88.5 83.3 80.2 ( 71.1-86.9 ) 90.5 ( 83.4-94.7 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Arnbj & A ; ouml ; rnsson 71 33 81 16 81.6 71.1 68.3 ( 58.8-76.4 ) 83.5 ( 74.9-89.6 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Alvarado 78 27 87 9 89.7 76.3 74.3 ( 65.2-81.7 ) 90.6 ( 83.1-94.9 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Feny & A ; ouml ; 79 17 97 8 90.8 85.1 82.3 ( 73.5-88.6 ) 92.4 ( 85.7-96.1 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Lindberg 74 14 100 13 85.1 87.7 84.1 ( 75.1-90.3 ) 88.5 ( 81.3-93.2 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Izbicki 70 34 80 17 80.5 70.2 67.3 ( 57.8-75.6 ) 82.5 ( 73.7-88.8 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 De Dombal 70 31 83 17 80.5 72.8 69.3 ( 59.7-77.5 ) 83.0 ( 74.5-89.1 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Christian 74 17 97 13 85.1 85.1 81.3 ( 72.1-87.9 ) 88.2 ( 80.8-92.9 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Eskelinen 72 9 105 15 82.8 92.1 88.9 ( 80.2-94.1 ) 87.5 ( 80.4-92.3 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Ohmann 81 19 95 6 93.1 83.3 81.0 ( 72.2-87.5 ) 94.1 ( 87.6-97.2 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Our Proposed mark 55 2 74 3 95.4 97.4 96.5 ( 90.2-98.8 ) 96.5 ( 91.4-98.6 ) & A ; lt ; 0.001 Tin: sensitiveness ; SPC: specificity ; PPV: positive prognostic value ; NPV: negative prognostic value ; ACR: truth ; CI: assurance interval.Figure I. Accuracy of tonss in assorted surveies