Discuss Research Into the Nature of Relationships in Different Cultures Essay Example for Free

Discuss Research Into the Nature of Relationships in Different Cultures EssayRelationships Discuss investigate into the nature of relationships in different cultures. (9 marks + 16 marks) In Western Cultures, it has been launch that relationships are voluntary, temporary and focus on the needs of the individual as due to the predominantly urban settings in which we live in, we are able to (on a daily basis) interact with a large number of people. Western cultures wherefore appear to be characterised by a high degree of choice in personal relationships and a greater pool of potential relationships. Non-western cultures however, have little choice about whom they interact with on a daily basis, meaning that interaction with strangers are rare and relationships are frequently tied to some other factors, much(prenominal) as family or economic resources. In societies with reduced mobility, (predominantly non-western cultures) lay marriages are common as love is expected to grow due to the fact that it is not seen as necessary for marriage.Arranged marriages seem to work well and make good sense as divorce rates are low and Epstein (2002) plant that perhaps about half of them report that they have fallen in love with each other. Myers et al. , (2005) studied individuals in India living in arranged marriages and found no differences in marital satisfaction in comparison to individuals in non-arranged marriages in the US. This is also tolerateed by Gupta and Singh (1982) who studied 100 degree-educated couples living in India, 50 of who had chosen their partners and 50 of who had their marriages arranged for them.The couples were asked to indicate how much they liked/loved their partners and it was found that love and liking was high in love marriages tho decreased whereas love increased in arranged marriages and after 10 years exceeded love marriages. However, this study is difficult to generalise as it studies only a small sample and so cannot be genera lised to the wider population. It therefore lacks validity. However, in some adapting cultures such as China, there has been a noticeable increase in love matches as the Chinese are currently attempting to move away from traditional arranged marriages.Instances in which parents dominate the process of partner choice in china have declined from 70% prior to 1949, to less than 10% in the 1990s. Xioahe and Whyte (1990) studied women in love marriages and found that they were more satisfied than those in arranged marriages. Western cultures are also seen as individualistic due to their focuses on individuals rather than groups, with individual happiness and pleasure seen as fundamentally important. On the other hand, non-western cultures are seen as collectivist cultures as people are encouraged to be interdependent rather than independent.Moghaddam et al. (1993) claim that the cultural attitudes of individualist cultures, are arranged with the formation of relationships that are base d on freedom of choice, whereas collectivism leads to relationships that may have more to do with the concerns of family or group. Norms and rules act as guidelines for behaviour and incline how we act out any given relationship. One such norm that plays a key part in personal relationships is the norm of reciprocity.Ting-Toomey (1986) found that in individualist cultures, reciprocity in personal relationships tend to be voluntary. In collectivist cultures however, it is more obligatory. In such cultures, failure to return a opt is seen as a failure of ones moral duty. In Japanese culture, for example, there are specific rules about gift-giving and reciprocating, whereas n such semi-formal norms exist in Western cultures. Argyle et al. s cross-cultural comparison of relationship rules in different cultures did find support for some predictions but failed to support others.However, a problem with this research is that the list of rules was formulated in the UK and may have failed to include rules that are specific to a particular culture such as Japan. Research on cross-cultural differences in norms and rules is important to be able to conduct cross-cultural relationships successfully. Knowledge of the norms and rules underlying cross-cultural relationships is an important medical prognosis of any attempt to understand and improve relations between different cultural groups within a host country. Finally, relationships are difficult to study scientifically. lab experiments, through the manipulation of isolated variables, are seen as the most rigorous way of establishing cause and effect, and he best way of furthering our understanding of the processes involved in human relationships. However, as Hogg and Vaughan (2008) point out, people do bring their cultural baggage into the laboratory. Although cultural background may be seen as a problematic extraneous variable to some researchers, it is clear that culture itself is an important variable that influences the relationship processes being studied.

The Force Increases, As Will The Acceleration Essay Example for Free

The Force Increases, As Will The speedup EssayPredictionIn this experiment, I predict that as the force increases, as will the acceleration. Therefore, as the force decreases the acceleration decreases. I posterior in like manner predict that the force and acceleration of an objective lens are instantly proportional, meaning that if the force was to be doubled, then the acceleration would also double. I can predict this using Newtons second law of exploit.Newtons second Law of motionForce = Mass x Acceleration(N) (kg) m/s(variable) (measurement)In simple terms, this means that if the force is to increase then the acceleration must also increase because the fix multiplied by the acceleration must equal the force. The equation, like many others can be re-ar set offd in order to show a possible prediction for the value in m/s that the acceleration will be the subject of the equation.Acceleration = Force (Mass / 0.400kg)MassWeight is a force. Weight is quite oftenly confused wi th mass, however each one differs to the other. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg). The weight of an object only concerns the amount of matter an object is made up of. In contrast to the mass of an object, the weight of an object regards how much it is being pulled down to the centre of the earth through gravity. Weight is a force and is measured in Newtons (N).Diagram of apparatusThe experiment that was carried out occurs when a slider is pulled through two abstemious gates via a charge pulley upon a soft bed of zephyr to minimalise friction powered by a vacuum connected to the air track.When the rider breaks the beam produced from decrease-colored gate 1, a recording is began by a calculating machine linked up to both light gates. Once the rider cuts through the second light gate, then the timer on the computer steps automatic on the wholey as the light gates can relay a signal to the computer.A computer is used rather than the naked eye because the computer can be precise t o 2 decimal places (d.p). Once the slide has traveled through both light gates, it is moved around both light gates and the experiment is excerpted. The variable for this investigation is force, that is controlled through the weights used n the pulley. The weights are changed at five dismantle times, at each time a different weight is used. My variables are as follows0.02 N , 0.03 N , 0.07 N , 0.08 N , 0.12 N ( N = Newtons)The value I chose are all the smallest possible values that I am able to create.In relation to arctic, there are no specific safety issues that come to into play during this particular investigation, however behavior around the apparatus and the laboratory is always considered a safety issue.The factors that are necessary to maintain as constants throughout the experiment in order to keep a high degree of accuracy are* Straight light gates (equidistant 40cm apart)* Same showtime point of the rider ( 5cm before the initial light gate)* Mass of the rider (0.40 0kg)The light gates are required to be equidistant (40cm apart) and level in order to keep the test so hi-fi readings can be recorded.The mass of the rider must also be mentained at exactly 0.400 kg because a slight chance in the weight will cause a change in the acceleration of the rider can result in widespread and inconsistent results.It is also important to mention the starting point of the rider that must remain constant in order for the rider to pass through each light gate at the same speed during each repeat reading recorded.In addition to these points of accuracy, there are others, which make fitted relevance to the experiment.The level at which the air track is must be kept horizontal so that the rider has neither too longer, or too shorter acceleration value that is recorded due to the slider being a crystalisest or along the gradient of the air track. This can be simply modify by adjusting the track then leaving the rider without a weight and switch on the air track, if the rider remains stationary then the air track is horizontal.The experiment will be measured on 3 occasions for each variable, these repeat readings will be mediocred out into a maven figure to gain an accurate set of results.To prepare for the investigation, a preliminary test was carried out in order to discover which mass of the rider produced the close accurate results.To do this, the lightest mass of the rider was used with the lightest and heaviest weights (0.020N lightest) and (0.170N heaviest).The masses of the rider were the largest possible (0.400 kg) and the smallest possible ( 0.200kg).The results showed me that the lighter the mass of the rider, the wider the range of results that I recorded. In contrast, the heavier the mass of the rider was, the more reliable my results were because they provided the smallest range. This meant that I chose the heaviest possible weight of the rider possible, which was 0.400kg.Skill area O (Obtaining The Results)FORCE (N)MASS (KG)Acceleration ( m / s )Test 1Test 2Test 3Average0.020.4000.050.040.050.050.030.4000.070.080.070.070.070.4000.180.180.170.180.080.4000.190.190.210.200.120.4000.310.310.310.31Skill area E EvaluationMy results throughout my investigation, were very accurate. The spread of my repeat readings were very small, each reading for each strength of force were close together shown a high level of accuracy throughout the investigation. All my average points that I recorded are close to the best-fit line that I have drawn, which suggests that all my results have been accurately recorded and displayed in my analysis and obtaining evidence sections.The procedures to which I applied my investigation were suitable because I was able to produce an accurate set of results with relative ease.In my opinion, my evidence can support a sufficient conclusion that as that the force upon on object is directly proportional to its acceleration produced. My results were tested over a reasonable range and are considered accurate as they fit in with my initial theory and also they fit in with my initial predictions that I was able to produce.I was able to produce these predictions by re-arranging Newtons second law to show me what the acceleration of an object can b equal to in terms of its force and mass.(Old equation)Force = Mass x Acceleration(N) (kg) m/s(variable) (measurement)(New, Re-arranged equation)Acceleration = Force (mass / 0.400kg)MassI have a range of values for my force, I inputted each one of these values to gain predicted results.(When force = 0.02) 0.02 = 0.05 (Actual average = 0.05)0.400(When force = 0.03) 0.03 = 0.075 (Actual average = 0.07)0.400(When force = 0.07) 0.07 = 0.175 (Actual average = 0.08)0.400(When force = 0.08) 0.08 = 0.20 (Actual average = 0.20)0.400(When force = 0.12) 0.12 = 0.30 (Actual average = 0.31)0.400As the above figures display clearly, my results are all highly accurate and sufficiently support my prediction and theory.All that remains is to discuss how I can extend my investigation. The obvious point that springs to mind is to take in further results to obtain an exceptionally high level of accuracy. However, I can also look to change my variable from the force to the mass of the rider. I can do this by investigating the relationship between the mass and force on a rider to give me additional information.I can pile out these tests in the same manner as I have discussed for this particular investigation, but changing the variables used. I will use a range of variables that will aid me complete my investigation reaching sufficient conclusions.

Weaknesses Of The Eurozone Economics Essay

Weaknesses Of The Eurozone Economics EssayRobert Mundell described the Bretton Woods System as Hamlet without the Prince collect to the lack of a unified coin in the form of a pecuniary compact expressed as Bancor or Unitas. Given the experience of emu, does this analysis still hold theoretic wholey and/or by empirical observation? Discuss.Introduction of EMUIn 1999, the European Central Bank (ECB) launched the single currency (euro) together with the foundation of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The EMU is found on the existence of the euro as a honey oil currency. The ECB supervises the implementation of a common monetary policy. At the beginning of 2002, euro replaced the national currencies of 12 sh are countries for all transactions. Sweden, Denmark, and the United Kingdom joined European Union (EU) but did non join the euro. In 2004, there were ten new atom countries joined the EU, v of them joined the euro.The prior monetary unions are unsuccessful as they rested on the value of metals (i.e. gold or silver). The money printed should be determined by the silver of gold stored, therefore the Metallism monetary system is a stable system since silver and gold are scarce resources.The EMU rests on the euro or chartalism, as fiat money which is issued by a central national bank. The credit level of the issuing body is important to determine the value and stability of the fiat money. The stability of the country in terms of sparingal and semipolitical will in turn determine the credit level. However, when the treasury is unable to pay the deficit, fiat monies can become unstable due to the temptation of the inflationary tax or seigniorage. In order to achieve and sustain the stability, the EMU require an economical union and a monetary union. Economic union is achieved by complying with the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). The goal of SGP is to maintain fiscal stability through implementation of specific fiscal requirements among app endage states of EMU.The strength of the Eurozone rests completely on the credibility of the requirements set when the EMU was being implemented and the ECB was established. However, if member states are not respect or follow the set requirements, the credibility level of Eurozone will be affected and as a result negatively affect the euro.Mundells TheoriesThe captain idea of a common currency in Europe was derived from the theory of Robert Mundell on the areas of optimal currency. In his paper A plan for a European Currency in 1973, Mundell clarified the gains of European countries if they adopt a common currency. The works of Mundell have been classified into two categories by Ronald McKinnon (2004).Mundell IIn 1961, Mundell promulgated his paper entitled A Theory of Optimal Currency Areas which is rooted in Keynesian ideas. The theory of Optimum Currency Areas (OCAs) studies how countries with a monetary union and common currency adjust, if these countries are affected by asymme tric economic shocks. Mundell point out that adjustments are based on whether wages are rigid, apprehend mobility is limited, income transfers are difficult, and differences exist in the labour market and growth tempos. Mundell claimed that when countries are in a monetary union and use a common currency, they cannot delineate asymmetric shocks properly unless, among other(a) circumstances, labour mobility is unlimited.Mundell IIIn Mundells article Uncommon arguments for common currencies which published in 1973, an alternative theory is illustrated. Mundell emphasised the common currency assures an automatic and equal sharing of the risk of the fluctuation, a common currency has advantages in overcoming economic shocks. Mundell II argues that it is easier for member countries to stay inside a monetary union than outside it since the private insurance would assist against asymmetric shocks. More specifically, it will be easier for member countries to borrow in the capital market s of the monetary union when hitting by a negative shock, as a result it will be easier for member countries to smooth consumption. In addition, the exchange rate would be a source in arising asymmetric disturbances especially capital mobility of financial market is very high.The criticism of Mundell II becomes more obvious in terms of political context. If financial markets in a monetary union provide insurance to reduce asymmetric shocks, the need to integrate national budgets for political means becomes weaker. Hence the motive to form a political union is even weaker. However, the Mundell II point out that if there is no budgetary union, it would be optimistic to say that private financial markets would provide insurance against asymmetric shocks. The financial markets will merely provide insurance to those who possess high assets root in the financial markets. Since wealth is not equally distributed, the private provision of insurance will overwhelmingly support the wealthy a nd keep the poor comparatively uninsured. In addition, the Mundell II theory ignored the possibility that countries may involve in a position of a bad equilibrium. If there are not adequate instruments to lead the economy out of the bad equilibrium, countries would get caught in the bad equilibrium after a negative shock. It is a major task for the future of EMU if there is no adequate instrument in a monetary union. This is reinforced by the fact that different member countries of EMU continue to work in different directions due to the absence seizure of a political union.Weaknesses of the EurozoneIn the last ten years, the euro has demonstrated that there are some efficiency gains by adopting a common currency (i.e. reduced transaction costs of exchanging currencies, eliminated exchange rate uncertainty, and increased transparency in prices), percenticularly if the currency becomes not only an international currency but besides a global currency. However, maintaining various s tandards requires difficult adjustments and constant surveillance of every single member state in Eurozone.As the economic crisis has hit the world, certain Eurozone Member States Greece, Portugal and Spain are being seriously affected. The Greek tragedy is making the EU consider that highly indebted countries can put the EMU at risk and that measures must be taken without delay.Institutional WeaknessArticle 102.a of the Maastricht Treaty establishes that member states and the community should conduct their economic policies with a view to contributing to the achievement of the objectives of the Community. In order to guide Article 102.a, Article 103 highlights that the correct implementation of economic policies is a matter of common, stating that Member States are to coordinate them within the Council, in accordance with the provisions of Article 102a. Article 103 also highlights that it is important to avoid excessive deficits of for each(prenominal) one authorities. There i s an obvious institutional weakness in terms of monetary policies. The Maastricht Treaty had defined the objectives of the ECB which is price stability. ECB has defined an inflation rate below 2% as the objective of price stability. In addition, in terms of unemployment, the rest of society is not convinced and will not easily accept the begin of the ECB to release itself from any responsibility for unemployment. However, the delegation of the responsibility of unemployment to the governments of each member country creates a political bother.The purposes of SGP contain that member countries should avoid excessive debt and deficits and each member country should maintain fiscal stability. There are two important two Council Regulations in SGP (i.e. Regulations 1466/97 and 1467/97). These two regulations require member countries of the EU must comply with to help contribute to the overall climate of stability and financial prudence to a lower placepinning the success of the EMU. Th e Council Regulation 1466/97 set out the flesh out of stability programs (i.e. submission and monitoring regulations) and convergence programs. The ultimate purpose of the multilateral surveillance by the Council is to prevent, at an early stage, the occurrence of excessive general government deficits and to promote the surveillance and coordination of economic policies. The purpose of regulation 1467/97 is to clarify the excessive deficit procedure to deter excessive government deficits (European Navigator 1997, 2). However, the SGP is not sustainable due to the lack of accountability of the EU commission. Hence, the national governments are bound to win when conflict arises. The problem will exist as long as national governments continue to possess the sovereignty over spending and taxation.Political desegregationDe Grauwe (2006) acknowledged that the EMU is a remarkable accomplishment, but the absence of a political union is a major weakness in the Eurozone governance. Grauwes view is consistent with the findings of Nitsch on the political integration. He conclude that political integration is not rapidly followed by economic integration (Nitsch and Wolf 1). Grauwe point out in his article that national governments holding most economic policies purpose creates asymmetric shocks. The asymmetric shocks truly affect the sustainability of the monetary union. For example, member countries of the Eurozone have different competitive positions due to the uncoordinated policies of each member country in relation to national wage.Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Greece and Spain were in constant financial and economic turmoil before the adoption of the euro. The turmoil situation disappeared due to the economic booming of the knightly years. These five countries have barely met the requirements of monetary and economic stability and are becoming increasingly difficult to maintain the stability. For the past years, these countries are not only suffering from excessive deficits and debts, but also economic unbalances (i.e. excessive current account deficits). The current account positions are becoming worse due to, among other reasons, their extremely uncompetitive trade position. As a consequence, they are beginning to blame the euro.The problem that these countries are facing originates from the fact that monetary union amplifies fiscal imbalances. Opting for devaluation of a competitive currency is not an option and the only other alternative stems from forcing differentials of bond mother reduced. In 2005 there were almost no yield differentials between the German Bund and the yields of those countries with excessive current-account deficits. In 2009, however, yield spreads has increased government default risks measured by a sudden increase in the get for credit default swaps. Hence, the current economic crisis has demonstrated that currency risk is replaced by default risk in a monetary union. There are two reasons for this situation 1) th e sovereign debt of each member country is issued under the control of each Ministry of Finance, 2) there is no European Ministry of Finance.The Germans has profferd the creation of a European Monetary Fund, the French league has proposed the creation of a European Debt Agency which required that the capital of Portugal Treaty were amended or that a new agreement were negotiated. Many heap blamed this situation due to the lack of a common bond market which would help to put all members together. several(prenominal) people reject the suggestion based on the fact that a common bond market would lower borrowing costs for weaker countries and increase costs for stronger countries such as Germany. In addition, the common bond market would obtain the budget rights from each governments which would not be able to make national budgets by themselves. happen clauseFor years some countries have not respect or followed the requirements listed in the Maastricht Treaty and are now facing e xtremely difficult economic situations. It is obvious in the current crisis that there is no political homogeneity among member countries from a political point of view. As a result, each member country has implemented its own particular economic model and how to conduct its own economic model. In addition, Greece, Spain, and Portugal do not truly realise that their economic models are embedded in a globalised economy and these countries need to implement a set of painful structural reforms to keep them competitive. From the economic point of view, the countries in trouble have two major common reasons. The reasons are the lack of respect for the requirements and the lack of appropriate implementation of the structural reforms required under an economic recession.Currently there are debates on what should or should not be done with these countries. However, there are not room to manoeuvre this situation under the current legal framework.Expulsion of these countries from the Eurozone is not a good choice as it would definitely hurt the image of the EU and its member countries. Many scholars, economists propose that voluntary withdrawal from only the Eurozone while staying in the EU to would be the most beneficial option.The legal framework the Treaty of Lisbon, does not provide the needful methods to deal with problems of withdrawal, expulsion from Eurozone nor any other similar problem that might arrive soon. First, the Treaty of Lisbon has the no-bailout clause to prevent a budgetary problem in one country spilling over the EU as a whole. The no-bailout clause prohibits member countries from rescuing other countries or from accepting the debts of other countries. However, the Article 122 of Lisbon Treaty states that any member country seriously threatened with severe difficulties caused by natural disasters or exceptional occurrences beyond its control can bugger off financial assistance from other members. The question is whether a member countrys current debt crisis could qualify as an exceptional occurrence and not a man-made issue. This clause was inserted to strengthen unity and commitment of Eurozone. But the reality is that some countries are possessing extremely high level debts and deficits far exceeding the requirements. Therefore, there are not many methods for to assist these financial troubled countries under the current circumstances. The Articles 4(2), 118, and 123(4) explicitly indicates that the process for adoption of the Euro is irreversible. Participation of the EMU becomes a legal obligation due to the irrevocability of the agreement and the monetary union process. Thus, the exit option of leaving EMU while staying in the EU is impossible. The exit option is only allowed to exit the EU and EMU altogether.In addition, there is no clear mechanism by which members could expel a fellow country. The expulsion could only be possible if the agreement were amended and provided that all member countries respond favourabl y to this amendment.ConclusionThe EU and the Eurozone are suffering not only a financial crisis, but also a totally lack of appropriate structural reforms. The proper functioning of the EMU depends on the compliance with requirement provided in monetary and fiscal policies. Some member countries need to adopt urgently a number of structural reforms to promote economic growth of its own country and to stable euro as part of the EMU. Most importantly, the EMU should take this crisis as an opportunity to create a restructuring mechanism to strengthen and reform the economic, political foundations of the euro project.

Explaining Prophets And Their Duties Religion Essay

Explaining Prophets And Their Duties Religion EssayFrom a Biblical perspective, a prophet is a spokesperson on earth who invigorates graven images word, revealing things that would happen in the future. This utterance is called prophecy because its divinely enliven, and involves, revelation or interpretation. This essay give illustrate a study on prophecy in the Old testament (OT), various tidy sum who met the criteria of being true prophets and identify those who were ben to be false prophets. Further, an insight on different kinds of prophecy and there fulfilment go away also be demonstrated.Prophets through various scriptures in the bible were referred to as men of God or servants of God to implicate the seriousness of their status. After the retrogress of troops, God had a divine plan to restore His love relationship with humans and this was portrayed end-to-end the OT. Tholuck titled the prophets as the ancient preachers of the Church, he said, The prophets were the lively depositaries of the idea of the theocracy or kingdom of God. In other lyric poem prophecy erected from the foundation of Gods law and it was the prophets who imposed it. According to the prophetic criteria, bible theologians state that Enoch (Gen. 5 24) and Noah (Gen. 6 9) qualified as prophets, because God spoke through them, but it was Abraham whom God first spoke of as a prophet when He warned tabby Abimelech against marrying Sarah (Gen. 20 6-7).According to Bible theology, God chose the Israelites to be His representatives on earth to whom He could reveal Himself, by speaking through His chosen advocates known as the prophets so that all other nations could be blessed and know the true Living God. He wanted humans to know that He was their creator and He had divine plans and a purpose for them to live according to His will. He gave them His laws to which they were to live by, and He was to be their God. It was those laws that caused conflict between God and His people .Chris Wright believed that it was the Holy Spirit who inspired the prophets. He said, He is the Spirit who spoke through the prophets, inspiring their commitment to speak the truth and to stand for justice. This was affirmed by Peter in The parvenue Testament when he contested the origin of the OT prophecies (2 Pet. 1 20-21), and was evident when Saul got anointed as king and the Spirit of God took control of Him and he prophesied (1Sam. 10 10). Since prophets were the mediators of God, they just spoke in the name of God, lived by faith and demonstrated the holiness of God, as Zechariah father of John the Baptist said in his prophecy that, As He said through His holy prophets of long ago (Luke 1 70).The prophets had to be fully obe dullnt to what God required of them hoping in Gods Spirit that strengthened and worked through them. Fulfilment was a key issue in the prophetic movement. Through Isaiah, God said, As the rain and the snow come down from heaven, and do not return to it without watering the earth and making it bud and flourish, so that it yields seed for the sower and bread for the eater, so is my word that goes out from my mouth It will not return to me empty, but will accomplish what I desire and achieve the purpose for which I sent it. (Isa. 55 10-11). Such prophecy took away any(prenominal) motion about Gods will especially to the prophets themselves, who prophesied to a doubtful nation. One writer said, The criterion of true prophecy is what it should be-truth, the correspondence between the prophetic word and the realities of history. whatsoever prophet who spoke oracles of other gods other than the God of Israel would be known as a false prophet. So the prophets main role was to communicate Gods straint and soul in its fullness. Since it was Gods divine plan to use prophets to convey His messages, He illustrated that He purposely set them apart, He said, Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, before you were born I set you apart I appointed you as a prophet to the nations. (Jer. 28 5).Prophets were from diverse back grounds, for precedent Amos was a shepherd (Amos 11), Elijah was a priest and Elisha was a herdsman (1915-21). Although men were popularly used, women like Miriam sister to Moses (Micah 6 4) Deborah who served as an Israelite judge (Judges 4 4) Huldah (2 Kings 2214) and Noadiah (Neh. 6 14) also served as prophets. God revealed Himself and communicated to His prophets through visions and dreams or spoke audibly to them as in the case of Moses. He said, Listen to my words When there is a prophet among you, I, the LORD, reveal myself to them in visions, I speak to them in dreams (Num. 12 6). So this is why prophets had common characteristics that identified them as Gods messengers. Their messages subject the nature and attributes of God to men (Deut. 54-10) made known to men the laws of God (Ex 20 1-17) to call the people back in obedience to Gods laws (2Chr 2419) exhorted the people to sincerity in worship (Jer. 71-11) warned the Israelites of Divine judgment upon sin, both personal and national and foretold future events which God had willed especially the coming of the the Nazarene (Isaiah 96).According to the O.T, there are three sections of books which are refered to as prophetic books and they are known as (Joshua to Kings) the former prophets, major prophetic books (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel), and finally the Minor Prophets (Hosea to Malachi). The prophetic ministry in the O.T intensified at the beginning of the Exodus when God appointed Moses and Aaron as His prophets with a mission to rescue and lead His people out of slavery from the land of Egypt after 430 years. God gave a specific oracle to Moses that His chosen people were being called to worship him. The prophetic movement appeared throughout The Exodus 1446 BCE and the period of the Israelites captivity by the Assyrians and Babylonians, to the times of Zechariah who was associated with the restoration of t he temple in 521-515 BCE.There is a mention of many false prophets in the O.T. God clearly warned the Israelites never to approve of such prophets, and he would test them to see if they would remain faithfully (Deut. 13 1-5). It was a warning that was repeatedly issued with an example of Hananiah a false prophet in Judah in the reign of King Zedekiah. (Jer. 28 1-17). God even approved of the death of such prophets when He said, But if any prophet presumes to speak anything in my name that I have not authorised him to speak, or speaks in the name of other gods, that prophet must die (Deut. 18 20). Prophet Elijah also challenged Jezebels prophets of Baal to show that he was serving A Living God, unlike all other gods that were worshiped in the land. He killed 450 false prophets from that encounter (1 Kg. 18 19-40).Prophets could also be manipulated or bribed to defy God, as in the case of King Balak of Moab who asked Balaam to bedevilment the Israelites. Now come and put a curse on these people, because they are too powerful for me. Perhaps then I will be able to defeat them and drive them out of the country. For I know that those you bless are blessed, and those you curse are cursed (Num. 226). Balaams response indicated that he communicated with God (Num. 22 9-41). God revealed that He could use anything to prophecy as was in the case of Balaams donkey (Num. 22 28). Another aspect of prophetic experience, involved the prophet himself who performed portents to support the prophecy e.g. Isaiah walked naked for 3 years in the land (Isa. 202) Hosea expressed the prophecy by being obedient to what God told him. Go and marry a prostitute so that some of her children will be conceived in prostitution. This will illustrate how Israel has acted like a prostitute by turning against the Lord and worshiping other gods. (Hos. 1 2).Though Gods prophets differed on how they prophesied, the dialect of their messages was common. It was about sin, judgement, wrath of God, re pentance, love, mercy and forgiveness of a compassionate God. For example Moses was a law giver and urged the Israelites repeatedly never to take on the goy practices of the people of the Promised Land because God Himself would raise another prophet like him to continue a prophets great role. (Deut. 18 14-17). The Prophet Elijah was a spiritual revivalist, and Isaiahs prophecies were upon the kingly house of Judah. Prophets suffered persecution, and they were often disregarded, despised and rejected especially by rebellious kings and people who had hardened hearts and continually disobeyed Gods law, But the people would not get a line and continued to follow their former practices. (2 Kg. 17 40).Ungers Bible dictionary quotes, The genius of Old Testament prophecy was rather, a prediction of the future arising from the conditions of the present and was inseparably connected with the profoundly religious and spiritual message the prophet was called to proclaim to his own generation . Some prophecies of the OT were Forth telling prophecies that called back people unto their God in terms of repentance and change, as in the case of Jonah when God relented and withdrew plans of disaster upon Nineveh (Jonah 2).Fore telling prophecies, gave the people time to obey, seek and pray candidly to God, a significantly important feature of Biblical prophecy. Such prophecies promised restoration and events that would be fulfilled in the future declaring salvation, especially those that announced the coming of a Messiah who would come at Gods appointed time, as the final perfect sacrifice to God who would redeem mankind and fulfil the reconciliation of God and man (Hos. 14 Amos 9 11-15).Overall, Jesus was the completion of the prophetic scriptures in the OT. Jesus testified in His time that He was the reference point of the OT prophecies. I will proclaim the LORDs decree He said to me, You are my son today I have become your father. (Psalm 27). Bible Scholars, G and R Konig said, Jesus is unique(p) among all people in history in that he is the fulfilment of centuries of Messianic prophecies, which are found in the Old Testament that foretold his place of birth, detail of his life, his mission, his nature, his death, and his resurrection.From a theological perspective, God affirms both His power and right to judge, and His steadfastness in the end to save. Jeremiah prophesied of the new covenant, whereas Ezekiel had a vision of a new temple centre stage (Ezek. 40, 48). Isaiah is also memorable for its Messianic promises (Isa 92-7, 111-9), and ideas of new creation and Exodus.If Judgement and salvation are the fabric of the OT history, it explains why so much of it was the work of the prophets, because God expressed His heart through the prophets in order to restore His relationship with man. Prophecy is one of the major ways in which God communicates His will to mankind even up to this age as written Then he turned to his disciples and said privately, Blessed are the eye that see what you see. For I tell you that many prophets and kings wanted to see what you see but did not see it, and to hear what you hear but did not hear it. (Luke 10 23-24). The prophetic movement was a significant phenomenon in history of Divine revelation. Therefore, without the prophecies in the Old Testament, humans wouldnt know of Gods intentions. This can only be summarised as Gods Divine love for mankind.

Divorce Separation Children

Divorce Separation ChildrenDivorce is the separation of husband and married woman l taker being legally married. Most generation the decouple process is very painful to the couples, but the nearly affected argon the electric razorren who lack the mechanism to to the full compreh subvert the basis of their parents separation.This paper is going to look at the effects of this process depending on the age of the child.IntroductionThe separation of a husband and wife in a divorce situation weed prevail solemn and devastating effects not except for the separating couples but to the children as closely. Often times the divorcing couples are too consumed with their own emotional burdens to clearly guess the trauma the divorce causes to the children. Children awaitingly bear the brunt of the separation especially psychologically. (Emery, R. E., 96)However, not all divorces end up hurting children. Children in an abusive and violent marriage may in fact be spared much of the phy siological torture if the parents just separated. so divorce can sometimes be a welcome process for the well being of the children. (Emery, R. E., 126) Various studies have in fact indicated that some children in reality thrive better after being brought up in a divorce environment. Children become more responsible and loving especially because they are embossed by a single parent. However, it is critical to note that the negative effects much more outweigh the positive effects. (Emery, R. E., 46)So, how are children affected by divorce? Sociologists, psychologists and opposite researchers have continued to study out this question and sometimes it has generated so much controversy. But all agree that indeed divorce most often times is not good for children especially when the family unit is put at risk. Studies have continued to show that children equate divorce to the pain of expiration of one of the parent. The experience itself brings great loss, sadness, grief and in many c ases confusion to the affected children. Children may also end up blaming themselves for what has happened and tend to think that parents do not love them any more. (Emery, R. E.,123)Research world over has continued to indicate that the effects of divorce differ because of various factors depends on the age of the child at the time of divorce, gender and personality of the child, the level of family/friends support and the extent of the conflict between the parentsAge of childrenDivorce does not have any serious effects on children less than 3 years. Children be broken in this age might not have the opportunity to understand conflict and might not have developed so much of a serious relationship with one of the parents. Nevertheless, if the relationship had established a bond, it may have some short-term effects. The only thing that might affect these children is the low mood and energy level of the parent albeit for a short while. This effect may be characterized by appetence lose , or upset stomach including vomiting. (Emery, R. E., 132)Children between 3-5 years are in a position to understand conflict and divorce will have an overt effect on their well-being. Children at this age end up believing that they are the cause of the divorce, and blame themselves for it. For example they might reason out that if they ate their dinner or obeyed when told to do so, daddy wouldnt have left. The children at this age fear being left alone and would behave give care toddlers by unknowingly wetting their beds, wanting their security blankets and old toys. They may end up being depressed, angry and uncooperative. They may also resort to aggressive and disobedient behavior. (Emery, R. E., 135)Children at the age of 6-10 years are school-age children. Many psychologists believe that this is the worst age where the effects of divorce are felt. Children at this age have the capacity to understand the pain brought about by the separation of the parents. However, they lack t he capability to understand how to control their reactions to the pain caused. (Emery, R. E., 142)The school-aged children may experience severe psychological turmoil like embarrassment, grief, resentment, divided loyalty and at times intense anger. They may also feel rejected by the leaving parent and have cases of stomachaches and headaches. These children can supervise easily with the situation if they get involved actively with play and other activities with their peers (Emery, R. E., 145)Children aged between 10-16 are already pre-teens or teens and are now adolescents. They are in a position to understand the reasons leading up to the divorce. This is because they can easily remember the stress and conflict preceding such a divorce. such ability to remember may at the some time interfere with the capability to handle the changes that occur in the family. (Emery, R. E., 155)The teen may also be faced with emotional strain because of the pressure of trying to side with one par ent as opposed to the other. This would involve faulting one parent over the other as the sole cause for the divorce. (Emery, R. E., 156)At this age they are likely to experience anger, depression, loneliness and guilt. They also end up taking various responsibilities to conduct in the gap the parent has left. Such responsibilities would include house chores and caring for other siblings. This may make them feel pushed to adult-hood. Some in response to the low energy and high stress levels from the parent may want to take control of the family. The teens at this time also would be undergoing various sexual changes and may get affected because of lack of parental support. (Emery, R. E., 159)Witnessing the pain of divorce may also have serious implication on the teens perception on how well they would stay in a marriage in the future. (Emery, R. E., 159)Gender effectsVarious research findings have revealed that gender of the child plays a significant office staff on the effects of divorce on the respective children. It has been seen that boys raised by their fathers and girls raised by their mothers do better than vice versa.Boys of school age, who live with their fathers, come out to be less aggressive and have low emotional problems compared to boys living with their mothers who lack any contact with the fathers. (Emery, R. E., 164)On the other hand, girls raised by their mothers seem to be more responsible and mature than those ones raised by the fathers. (Emery, R. E., 164)ConclusionAll said and done divorce has devastating and traumatic effects on the children. However the society at large has the responsibility of making it easier for the children. When parents are well supported through the divorce process especially how to incorporate the children can play a major role to alleviate serious implications.The most important thing for the children would be to adjust to the changes and the quality of child-parent relationship would come in handyWorks Cite dEmery, R. E. (1988) Marriage, divorce and childrens adjustments. NewburyPark,CASage.

Nasa Essay -- Essays Papers

NasaOctober 1, 1958, the official start of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was the beginning of a well-off history of unique scientific and technological achievements in human space flight, aeronautics, space science, and space applications. Formed as a result of the S sitnik crisis of confidence, NASA inherited the ahead National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and other government organizations, and almost immediately began working on options for human space flight. NASAs first senior high profile political platform was Project Mercury, an effort to learn if humans could survive in space, followed by Project Gemini, which built upon Mercurys successes and used spacecraft built for two astronauts. NASAs human space flight efforts then extended to the Moon with Project Apollo, culminating in 1969 when the Apollo 11 mission first put humans on the lunar surface. After the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Projects of the early and mid-1970s, NASAs human space flight efforts again resumed in 1981, with the Space Shuttle program that continues today to help build the International Space Station. Building on its NACA roots, NASA has continued to conduct many types of cutting-edge aeronautics research on aerodynamics, trace shear, and other important topics using wind tunnels, flight testing, and computer simulations. NASAs highly successful X-15 program involved a rocket-powered airplane that flew above the line and then glided back to Earth unpowere...

Cynthia Ozick’s story Envy or, Yiddish in America Essay -- Cynthia Ozi

Envy Cynthiz Ozick Meets Melanie KleinCynthia Ozicks story Envy or, Yiddish in America shows the corrosive effectsof envy on the life of the lonely, aging Yiddish poet Edelshtein. Edelshtein is consumedwith envy of Ostrover, a notable Yiddish novelist known from English translations of hisstories. He pure tones that Ostrover has both cuckolded him and bested him in literarysuccess. Edelshtein believes he could become as famous as Ostover if he too had atranslator into English. Without the translator, he fears his poems impart die along withhim and the dying Yiddish language. The story seems to illustrate the psychologicalinsights of Melanie Klein about the unconscious mind mechanisms behind envy I considerthat envy is an oral-sadistic and anal-sadistic expression of destructive impulses,operative from the beginning of life. . . (Klein, ix). So long as Edelshtein operates outof envy, he will remain caught in a vicious cycle, in an infantile, self-destructive state,thwarted in his attempts to love or to be creative. He will continue to feel persecuted byOstrover, which is really a form of internal persecution. As Klein says, When thisoccurs, the good object is felt to be lost, and with it inner security ( 84).Envy, which is included in Ozicks 1969 collection, The Pagan Rabbi, isreminiscent of Bellows Herzog (1965). Both are profound psychological anatomies,detailed dissections of a single suffering character, a victim who is heretofore inmany ways his own worst enemy. Both stories are delicately poised between the comicand the tragic. Both protagonists are intellectuals who rail against the wasteoutlook and defend Jewish humanism. Herzog rejects the commonplaces of theWastela... ...at least two people(Klein 6). Tragedy occurs in the realm of oedipal conflict, but the envious person neverreaches that stage and so never really grows up.Works CitedBellow, Saul. Herzog. 1965 New York Viking, 1976.Cohen, Sarah Blacher. Cynthia Ozicks Comic device From Levity to Liturgy.Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1994.Kauvar, Elaine M. Cynthia Ozicks Fiction Tradition and Invention. BloomingtonIndiana University Press, 1993.Klein, Melanie. Envy and Gratitude A direct of Unconscious Sources. NY BasicBooks, 1957.Lowin, Joseph. Cynthia Ozick. Boston Twayne, 1988.Ozick, Cynthia. Envy or, Yiddish in America. Jewish American Stories. Ed. IrvingHowe. New York New American Library, 1977 129-77.Strandberg, Victor. Greek Mind/Jewish Soul The Conflicted Art of Cynthia Ozick.Madison University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.